KAJIAN DETEKSI DAN RESISTANSI ANTIBIOTIK PADA Salmonella spp. YANG DIISOLASI DARI ANJING, KUCING, DAN REPTIL YANG DIIMPOR MELALUI BANDAR UDARA SOEKARNO HATTA
Estiwahyuningsih Madya Candra Ratri, Dr. drh. Widagdo Sri Nugroho, M.P.; drh. Dyah Ayu Widiasih, Ph.D.
2024 | Tesis | S2 Sain Veteriner
Salmonella spp. merupakan bakteri yang bersifat zoonosis dan penting bagi hewan serta
manusia yang berpotensi mengalami resistansi terhadap antibiotik. Resistansi
antibiotik merupakan ancaman global bagi kesehatan masyarakat dan kesehatan
hewan termasuk hewan kesayangan seperti anjing, kucing, dan reptil. Tujuan
penelitian ini untuk mendeteksi Salmonella spp. dari anjing, kucing, dan
reptil yang diimpor dan mengidentifikasi kekerabatan genetik, resistansi
terhadap antibiotik, serta gen penyandi resistansinya. Sampel yang digunakan
pada penelitian ini berupa swab rektal yang berasal dari 26 ekor anjing dan 33
ekor kucing serta swab kloaka reptil yang terdiri dari 12 ekor kura-kura dan 52
ekor ular. Isolasi dan identifikasi menggunakan media Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD), Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), dan Lysine Indol Agar (LIA), dan Media Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate (IMVic).
Pengujian resistansi menggunakan metode Kirby
Bauer. Deteksi gen virulensi menggunakan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dengan target gen invA dan gen
resistan dengan target gen blaTEM,
tetA, strA, sul2, qnrS, dan cmlA.
Hasil sekuensing diolah menggunakan BLAST.
Analisis filogenetik menggunakan software
MEGA11. Analisis data secara statistik deskriptif. Salmonella spp. ditemukan pada 51 dari 123 (41,46%) sampel hewan
kesayangan yang diimpor. Isolat Salmonella spp. tersebut berasal dari 2
ekor kucing, 5 ekor kura-kura, dan 44 ekor ular, tetapi tidak ditemukan isolat
yang berasal dari anjing. Seluruh isolat Salmonella
spp. yang ditemukan bersifat invasif (mengandung gen invA). Sebanyak 14 isolat yang ditemukan memiliki kekerabatan
dengan Salmonella typhimurium. Sejumlah 41
isolat bersifat resistan (80,39%) terhadap antibiotik dengan rincian 37
isolat (72,55%) resistan terhadap Streptomisin, 25 isolat (49,02%) resistan
terhadap Ampisilin, 13 isolat (25,49%) resistan terhadap Siprofloksasin, 12 (23,52%)
isolat resistan terhadap Tetrasiklin dan Kloramfenikol, dan 11 isolat (21,56%) resistan
terhadap Sulfametoksazol-Trimetoprim. Tujuh belas isolat (33,33%) terindentifikasi
resistan terhadap 3 atau lebih golongan antibiotik (Multidrug Resistance). Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi pada Salmonella spp. yang telah terisolasi
yaitu gen strA 88,24%, blaTem 74,51%, sul2 49,02%, tetA 41,18%, qnrS 19,61%,
dan cmlA 1,96%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian
ini yakni hewan kesayangan yang diimpor ke Indonesia pada Bulan
Oktober-Desember 2023 terdeteksi positif Salmonella
spp. yang memiliki kekerabatan dengan Salmonella typhimurium dan sebagian besar mengalami resistan serta
memiliki semua gen resistansi antibiotik.
Salmonella spp. is an important zoonotic agent for animals and humans that has the potential for antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance poses a global threat to public health, encompassing both animal health and the health of pet animals such as dogs, cats, and reptiles. The aim of this study was to detect Salmonella spp. in imported dogs, cats, and reptiles, and to identify their genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance, and resistance encoding genes. The study utilized 123 samples, comprising rectal swabs from 26 dogs and 33 cats, and cloacal swabs from reptiles, including 12 turtles and 52 snakes. Isolation and identification were conducted using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD), Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), dan Lysine Indol Agar (LIA), and Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate (IMVic) media. Resistance testing was performed using the Kirby Bauer method. Virulence genes were detected using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method targeting the invA gene, while resistance genes were targeted using the blaTEM, tetA, strA, sul2, qnrS, and cmlA genes. Sequencing results were analyzed using BLAST, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA11 software. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Salmonella spp. was found in 51 out of 123 (41.46%) imported pet samples. The Salmonella spp. isolates came from 2 cats, 5 turtles, and 44 snakes, but no isolates were found from dogs. All Salmonella spp. isolates found were invasive (containing the invA gene). A total of 14 isolates found were related to Salmonella typhimurium. A total of 41 isolates were resistant (80.39%) to antibiotics with details of 37 isolates (72.55%) resistant to Streptomycin, 25 isolates (49.02%) resistant to Ampicillin, 13 isolates (25.49%) resistant to Ciprofloxacin, 12 isolates (23.52%) resistant to Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol, and 11 isolates (21.56%) resistant to Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim. Seventeen isolates (33.33%) were identified as resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics (Multidrug Resistance). The presence of resistance encoding genes in Salmonella spp. that have been isolated are strA 88.24%, blaTEM 74.51%, sul2 49.02%, tetA 41.18%, qnrS 19.61%, and cmlA 1.96%. The conclusion of this study is that pet animals imported into Indonesia in October-December 2023 were detected positive for Salmonella spp., which is closely related to the Salmonella typhimurium. Additionally, most of them are resistant and possess all antibiotic resistance genes.
Kata Kunci : anjing, kucing, reptil, gen resistan, resistansi antibiotik, Salmonella spp.