HUBUNGAN FAKTOR PERINATAL DAN POSTNATAL DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA ANAK BALITA USIA 24-59 BULAN DI PUSKESMAS PURWOREJO

NADA ASYIFA SARASWATI, Dr. dr. Neti Nurani, M.Kes., Sp.A(K); Dr. dr. Rr. Ratni Indrawanti, Sp.A(K); dr. Braghmandita Widya Indraswari, M.Sc, Sp.A (K)

2024 | Skripsi | PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

INTISARI

Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan gangguan pertumbuhan linier yang disebabkan oleh  kurang gizi dalam jangka yang panjang, paparan infeksi berulang, dan kurangnya stimulasi sehingga anak memiliki tinggi badan yang lebih rendah dari standar usianya. Anak dikategorikan stunting, apabila nilai Z score tinggi badan menurut umur kurang dari -2 standar deviasi (SD). Menurut hasil Studi Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI), tingkat stunting anak di Indonesia mencapai angka 24,4%. Hal tersebut menjadi masalah penting dalam kesehatan karena stunting dapat berdampak dalam penurunan kecerdasan, kerentanan terhadap penyakit, keterbelakangan mental, hingga risiko serangan penyakit kronis. Ada beberapa faktor yang diduga mempengaruhi kejadian stunting, di antaranya perinatal dan postnatal, seperti riwayat BBLR, prematur, dan riwayat infeksi diare.

Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian yaitu menganalisis apakah riwayat BBLR, prematur, dan riwayat infeksi diare mempengaruhi kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Puskesmas Purworejo.

Metode:  Metode penelitian ini adalah studi analitik observasional dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer hasil penimbangan serentak dan wawancara dengan kuesioner. Data tersebut terdiri dari tinggi badan anak serta faktor risiko stunting, seperti riwayat BBLR, prematur, dan riwayat infeksi diare. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square. Kriteria inklusi adalah anak berusia 24-59 bulan, anak yang memiliki pengasuh yang bersedia menjadi responden dan tidak memiliki kendala berkomunikasi, serta anak yang tinggal di wilayah Puskesmas Purworejo. Kriteria eksklusi adalah anak yang memiliki cacat bawaan, dan pengasuh yang berpindah domisili saat penelitian berlangsung.

Hasil: Berdasarkan analisis bivariat, didapatkan hasil yaitu BBLR (p value=0.048; OR=2.406; 95% CI=0.987 - 5.869) dan riwayat infeksi diare (p value=0.000; OR=9.207; 95% CI=4.318 - 19.632) memiliki hubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian stunting. Ditemukan kelahiran prematur (p value=0.206; OR=1.695; 95% CI=0.743 -3.864), tidak memiliki hubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian stunting. 

Kesimpulan: BBLR dan infeksi diare memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian stunting. Kelahiran prematur tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian stunting.

Kata kunci: stunting, BBLR, prematur, penyakit infeksi diare, anak

ABSTRACT

Background: Stunting is a condition of linear growth disorder caused by long-term malnutrition, exposure to repeated infections, and lack of stimulation so that children have a lower height than the standard age. Children are categorized stunting, if the Z score for height or body length according to age is less than -2 standard deviation (SD). According to the results of the Indonesian Ministry of Health's Study of Nutrition Status (SSGI), level stunting in children in Indonesia reached 24.4%. This is an important problem in public health because stunting can have an impact on decreased intelligence, susceptibility to disease, mental retardation, to the risk of chronic disease attacks. There are several factors that are thought to have influenced the incident of stunting, including perinatal and postnatal, such as history of LBW, prematurity, and history of diarrheal infection.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the history of LBW, premature birth, and history of diarrheal infection affected the incidence stunting in children aged 24-59 months at the Purworejo Health Center.

Method: This research method is an observational analytic study with a research design that is cross sectional. The data used are primary data from simultaneous weighing of children aged 24-59 months in the Purworejo working area and interviews with questionnaires. The data consists of the length or height of the child and risk factors stunting, such as history of LBW, prematurity, and history of diarrheal infection. Data analysis using chi square test . The inclusion criteria were children aged 24-59 months, children who had caregivers who were willing to be respondents and had no communication problems, as well as children living in the Purworejo Health Center area. Exclusion criteria were children who were sick, children with congenital disabilities, and caregivers who changed domiciles during the study.

Result:  Based on bivariate analysis, the results obtained were LBW (p value=0.048; OR=2.406; 95% CI=0.987 -5.869) and history of diarrheal infections (p value=0.000; OR=9.207; 95% CI=4.318 - 19.632) has a significant relationship with incidence stunting. Premature birth (p value=0.206; OR=1.695; 95% CI=0.743 -3.864), did not have a significant relationship with incidence stunting.

Conclusion:  LBW and infectious diarrhea are related to the incidence stunting. Premature birth had no association with the event stunting.

Keywords: stunting, LBW, premature, diarrheal infectious diseases, children

Kata Kunci : Kata kunci: stunting, BBLR, prematur, penyakit infeksi diare, anak