Praktik Perdukunan Persatuan Dukun Nusantara dalam Perspektif Teori Agama dan Magi Bronislaw Malinowski
Melinda Maslakhah, Dr. Mustofa Anshori Lidinillah, M.Hum. ; Dr. Sarini, M.Hum.
2024 | Skripsi | ILMU FILSAFAT
Persatuan Dukun Nusantara (Perdunu) merupakan organisasi yang merespons maraknya dukun palsu yang merugikan, serta dukun yang sebenarnya mempunyai niat baik justru disembunyikan karena stigma negatif. Perdunu memiliki program kerja yang dapat membawa manfaat bagi masyarakat seperti doa bersama, pengobatan gratis, serta festival santet yang justru menjadikan nama Perdunu semakin dikenal dan mendapatkan respon negatif dari sebagian masyarakat. Masyarakat menilai buruk kehadiran Perdunu yang mengandung diksi dukun, tetapi faktanya para pendiri organisasi ini berangkat dari latar belakang mereka sebagai pemuka agama Islam dan menjadikan ajaran agama Islam sebagai landasan dalam praktiknya. Konsep agama dan magi Bronislaw Malinowski memiliki lima konsep magi dan dua fungsi agama. Teori Malinowski dipilih oleh peneliti karena Malinowski melakukan penelitian mengenai agama dan magi yang unik dan terletak di Kepulauan Trobriand yang dekat dengan kultur Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan ajaran dan praktik perdukunan Perdunu dan menganalisis praktik perdukunan Perdunu dalam teori agama dan magi Malinowski. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan studi filosofis, kepustakaan serta wawancara dengan narasumber. Model penelitian ini merupakan masalah aktual berupa praktik perdukunan Perdunu dan kaitannya dengan konteks agama dan sosial masyarakat menggunakan teori agama dan magi Malinowski. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode hermeneutik filosofis dengan unsur metodis sebagai berikut: 1) deskripsi; 2) induksi; 3) interpretasi; dan 4) heuristik. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah, pertama, konsep ajaran Perdunu berasal dari ilmu hikmah yang ditulis kembali dengan nama Kitab Babon. kitab ini juga menjadi buku pedoman bagi Perdunu dalam melakukan praktiknya. Ilmu Hikmah merupakan ilmu kebijaksanaan yang mempelajari suatu amalan spiritual dengan tetap berpedoman pada agama Islam seperti membaca Al-Qur’an, doa dan wirid untuk mengatasi permasalahan. Kedua, Konsep magi dalam Perdunu yang ditinjau dari konsep magi Malinowski dapat dirumuskan dalam lima aspek, yakni fungsi solusional magi yaitu magi sebagai penyelesaian permasalahan di dalam masyarakat, watak sugestif mantra yaitu mantra memberikan sugesti untuk membangkitkan kekuatan magi, watak normatif tabu yaitu tabu sebagai aturan yang menjaga tatanan sosial dan moral, hubungan antara magi dengan ilmu pengetahuan yaitu keduanya saling melengkapi, dan magi dalam konteks sosial masyarakat yaitu magi digunakan untuk memahami dunia dan sekitarnya. Konsep agama Perdunu yang ditinjau dari konsep agama Malinowski dapat dirumuskan dengan dua fungsi yakni fungsi praktis yaitu agama sebagai panduan moral dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan fungsi emosional yaitu agama sebagai pemenuhan psikologis individu. Perdunu menganggap bahwa magi adalah produk pemikiran dari agama, sedangkan Malinowski beranggapan bahwa magi merupakan pengetahuan awal manusia sebelum mengenal agama.
Persatuan Dukun Nusantara (Perdunu) is an organization that responded to the proliferation of fake shamans that caused harm, while genuine shamans with good intentions were hidden due to negative stigma. Perdunu had work programs that could benefit the community such as collective prayers, free medical treatments, and even festival of Santet, which ironically made Perdunu more known but received negative responses from some parts of society. People viewed Perdunu's presence negatively due to its association with the term 'shaman', but in fact, the founders of this organization came from backgrounds as Islamic religious leaders and based their practices on Islamic teachings. Bronislaw Malinowski's concept of religion and magic includes five concepts of magic and two functions of religion. Malinowski's theory was chosen by researchers because he conducted research on religion and magic that was unique and located in the Trobriand Islands, which is close to Indonesian culture. This research aimed to describe the teachings and practices of Perdunu shamanism and analyze Perdunu shamanic practices within Malinowski's theory of religion and magic. This research was qualitative with a philosophical, literature review, and interview study. The research model focused on the actual issue of Perdunu shamanic practices and their relation to the religious and social context of society using Malinowski's theory of religion and magic. The research method used was the philosophical hermeneutic method with the following methodical elements: 1) description; 2) induction; 3) interpretation; and 4) heuristic. The results of this research are as follows: firstly, the concept of Perdunu's teachings originated from wisdom teachings rewritten under the name Kitab Babon. This book also serves as a guide for Perdunu in their practices. Wisdom teachings are teachings of wisdom that study spiritual practices while still adhering to Islam such as reading the Qur'an, prayers, and recitations to overcome problems. Secondly, the concept of magic in Perdunu, as viewed through Malinowski's concept of magic, can be formulated in five aspects, namely the solusional function of magic as a problem-solving tool within society, the suggestive nature of mantras that provide suggestions to awaken magical powers, the normative nature of taboos as rules that maintain social and moral order, the relationship between magic and knowledge as complementary, and magic in the social context of society used to understand the world and its surroundings. Perdunu considers magic as a product of thought from religion, while Malinowski believes that magic is the initial knowledge of humans before knowing religion.satuan Dukun Nusantara (Perdunu) is an organization that responded to the proliferation of fake shamans that caused harm, while genuine shamans with good intentions were hidden due to negative stigma. Perdunu had work programs that could benefit the community such as collective prayers, free medical treatments, and even festival of Santet, which ironically made Perdunu more known but received negative responses from some parts of society. People viewed Perdunu's presence negatively due to its association with the term 'shaman', but in fact, the founders of this organization came from backgrounds as Islamic religious leaders and based their practices on Islamic teachings. Bronislaw Malinowski's concept of religion and magic includes five concepts of magic and two functions of religion. Malinowski's theory was chosen by researchers because he conducted research on religion and magic that was unique and located in the Trobriand Islands, which is close to Indonesian culture. This research aimed to describe the teachings and practices of Perdunu shamanism and analyze Perdunu shamanic practices within Malinowski's theory of religion and magic. This research was qualitative with a philosophical, literature review, and interview study. The research model focused on the actual issue of Perdunu shamanic practices and their relation to the religious and social context of society using Malinowski's theory of religion and magic. The research method used was the philosophical hermeneutic method with the following methodical elements: 1) description; 2) induction; 3) interpretation; and 4) heuristic. The results of this research are as follows: firstly, the concept of Perdunu's teachings originated from wisdom teachings rewritten under the name Kitab Babon. This book also serves as a guide for Perdunu in their practices. Wisdom teachings are teachings of wisdom that study spiritual practices while still adhering to Islam such as reading the Qur'an, prayers, and recitations to overcome problems. Secondly, the concept of magic in Perdunu, as viewed through Malinowski's concept of magic, can be formulated in five aspects, namely the solusional function of magic as a problem-solving tool within society, the suggestive nature of mantras that provide suggestions to awaken magical powers, the normative nature of taboos as rules that maintain social and moral order, the relationship between magic and knowledge as complementary, and magic in the social context of society used to understand the world and its surroundings. Perdunu considers magic as a product of thought from religion, while Malinowski believes that magic is the initial knowledge of humans before knowing religion.
Kata Kunci : dukun, Perdunu, agama dan magi Bronislaw Malinowski
