Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 terhadap Pola Kunjungan dan Luaran Pasien Asma Anak di RSUP Dr. Sardjito, Yogyakarta

DWITA OVIKA AFRIDYANTI, dr. Rina Triasih, M.Med(Paed)., Sp.A(K)., Ph.D.; dr. Dwikisworo Setyowireni, Sp.A(K).

2024 | Skripsi | PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

Latar Belakang: Asma adalah penyakit pernapasan kronis yang sering terjadi pada anak. Infeksi virus pernapasan, salah satunya virus SARS-CoV-2, dapat memicu dan memperburuk gejala pada pasien asma. Di sisi lain, adanya pandemi COVID-19 telah merubah sebagian besar aspek kehidupan termasuk dalam pemberlakuan kebijakan baru dan langkah-langkah untuk membatasi penyebarannya, yang dapat mempengaruhi anak dengan asma. Studi mengenai pengaruh pandemi COVID-19 terhadap pasien asma anak masih terbatas di Indonesia.

Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap pola kunjungan rumah sakit dan luaran pasien asma anak di RSUP Dr. Sardjito, Yogyakarta.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil data secara retrospektif dari rekam medis semua pasien asma anak yang berobat (rawat inap atau rawat jalan) di RSUP Dr. Sardjito, Yogyakarta tahun 2017 – 2022. Data hasil penelitian dalam bentuk data kuantitatif kemudian diolah dan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensial. Hasil yang akan dilaporkan berupa perbandingan hasil antara sebelum dan sesudah masa pandemi dalam hal jumlah kunjungan rawat jalan, IGD, kunjungan rawat inap, pasien baru, status luaran rawat inap (hidup/ kematian), lama rawat inap, dan karakteristik demografi (jenis kelamin dan usia).

Hasil: Terdapat 983 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Pada periode sebelum pandemi COVID-19, sebanyak 59,46% pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki, rata-rata usia 6,6 tahun, dan 65,2% pasien memiliki penyakit penyerta. Sedangkan pada masa pandemi COVID-19, terdapat 54,47% pasien laki-laki, ratarata usia 7,1 tahun, dan 74,95% pasien memiliki penyerta. Terdapat beberapa perbedaan terkait jumlah kunjungan IGD, rawat jalan, rawat inap antar periode. Jumlah pasien baru cenderung hampir sama. Dari penggolongan data lama rawat inap (?7 hari dan >7 hari) per periodenya, didapatkan nilai p sebesar 0,03 setelah dilakukan analisis statistik. Untuk penggolongan status luaran rawat inap (hidup dan kematian) per periode, diperoleh nilai p=0,72 dari analisis statistik.

Kesimpulan: Pasien asma anak pada masa sebelum dan selama pandemi COVID-19 lebih didominasi laki-laki dibanding perempuan, dengan rerata usia setiap periode tampak hampir sama. Terdapat perbedaan terkait jumlah kunjungan rumah sakit antara kedua periode, tetapi jumlah pasien baru cenderung sama. Periode waktu COVID-19 berpengaruh dengan lama rawat inap pasien, tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada status luaran rawat inap.

Background: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that often occurs in children. Respiratory virus infections, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can trigger and exacerbate symptoms in asthma patients. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed most aspects of life, including the implementation of new policies and measures to limit its spread, which can affect children with asthma. Studies on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child patients with asthma are still limited in Indonesia.

Purpose: To determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hospital visitation patterns and outcomes of child patients with asthma at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta.

Methods: This study is a descriptive analytical research. The research was conducted by retrospectively collecting data from the medical records of all child patients with asthma who received treatment (inpatient or outpatient) at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, from 2017 to 2022. The research data in the form of quantitative data were then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results to be reported will include a comparison of outcomes before and after the pandemic period in terms of the number of outpatient visits, emergency department visits, inpatient visits, new patients, inpatient outcome status (alive/ deceased), length of hospital stay, and demographic characteristics (gender and age).

Results: There were 983 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, 59,46% of patients were male, with an average age of 6,6 years, and 65,2% had comorbidities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were 54,47% male patients, with an average age of 7,1 years, and 74,95% had comorbidities. There are some differences in the number of emergency room visits, outpatient visits, and inpatient visits between periods. While the number of new patients is almost the same between periods. From the classification of the length of inpatient stay (?7 days and >7 days) per period, a p-value of 0,03 was obtained after statistical analysis. For the classification of inpatient outcome status (alive and deceased) per period, a p-value of 0,72 was obtained from statistical analysis.

Conclusion: The child patients with asthma during the period before and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic were predominantly male compared to female, with the average age in each period appearing almost the same. There are differences in the number of hospital visits between the two periods, but the number of new patients tends to be the same. The COVID-19 time period affected the length of hospital stay for patients, but it did not affect the status of inpatient outcomes.

Kata Kunci : Asma, COVID-19, Kunjungan RS, Luaran Pasien, Demografi, Anak