Manfaat Yoga pada Ibu Hamil terhadap Perkembangan Fetus: Sebuah Scoping Review terhadap Systematic Review

ANDREAS NIKO SANTHONY, dr. Fitriana Murriya Ekawati, MPHC.,Sp.KKLP., Ph.D.; dr. Rakhmat Ari Wibowo, M.Sc.

2024 | Skripsi | PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

Banyak penelitian yang menyebutkan bahwa prevalensi aktivitas fisik pada ibu hamil masih rendah. Padahal, aktivitas fisik pada ibu hamil merupakan hal yang sangat direkomendasikan mengingat banyaknya manfaat yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas fisik pada ibu hamil. Salah satu aktivitas fisik yang paling mudah dan aman untuk dilakukan oleh ibu hamil adalah yoga. Manfaat yoga pada ibu hamil, antara lain: menjaga kesehatan kardiovaskular, meningkatkan kualitas mood, menjaga berat badan dan tekanan darah selama masa kehamilan maupun pasca melahirkan, serta mendukung perkembangan fetus dalam kandungan. Cukup banyak penelitian yang sudah merangkum manfaat yoga pada ibu hamil dalam bentuk systematic review, namun belum terpetakan dengan baik dan sistematis. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan sebuah pemetaan yang baik, yang dapat merangkum hasil berbagai systematic review yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merangkum dan memetakan manfaat yoga pada ibu hamil, terutama bagi ibu maupun fetus. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode scoping review of systematic review pada Maret 2022 – Juni 2023. Ditemukan bahwa yoga selama masa kehamilan dapat membantu menurunkan nyeri dan ketidak-nyamanan ibu selama kehamilan dan persalinan, membantu menjaga kondisi psikologi ibu, menurunkan insidensi beberapa komplikasi kehamilan (pre eklamsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), dan gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)), membantu menstabilkan regulasi kardiovaskuler ibu, membantu kerja sistem imun, hormon, serta enzim maternal, membantu kelancaran proses persalinan, serta memiliki efek positif terhadap luaran persalinan dan pertumbuhan fetus. Terdapat beberapa efek samping yoga yang ditemukan dari laporan kasus, yakni Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy. Ditemukan pula terjadi peningkatan kebutuhan penggunaan forseps/vakum pada ibu hamil yang melakukan yoga.

Background: Many studies stated that the prevalence of physical activity in pregnant women is still low. In fact, physical activity in pregnant women is highly recommended considering the numerous benefits resulting from physical activity in pregnant women. One of the easiest and safest physical activities for pregnant women to do is yoga. There are some benefits of yoga for pregnant women, including maintaining cardiovascular health, improving mood, maintaining body weight and blood pressure during pregnancy and after childbirth, and supporting the fetal development intra-uterine. There are quite a few studies that have summarized the benefits of yoga for pregnant women in the form of systematic reviews, but they have not been mapped properly and systematically. Therefore, a good mapping is needed, which can summarize the results of various existing systematic reviews.

Objective: This study aims to summarize and map the benefits of yoga for pregnant women, especially for the mother and fetus.

Method: The study was conducted using the scoping review of systematic reviews method in March 2022 – June 2023.

Results: It was found that yoga during pregnancy can help reduce maternal pain and discomfort during pregnancy and childbirth, help maintain the psychological condition of the mother, reduce the incidence of several pregnancy complications (pre-eclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and gestational diabetes mellitus), helps stabilize the mother's cardiovascular regulation, helps the work of the immune system, hormones, and maternal enzymes, helps smooth the delivery process, and also has a positive effect on the outcome of labor and fetal growth. There are several side effects of yoga found in case reports, such as Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy. It was also found that there was an increase in the need for the use of forceps/vacuum in pregnant women who do yoga.

Conclusion: From this scoping review, it can be concluded that yoga is a physical activity that has various positive effects for pregnant women and the fetus. Although some side effects of yoga have been found, such as Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy and increased need for forceps and vacuum, these side effects can be avoided by controlling the intensity of physical activity and by diligently carrying out prenatal/antenatal care regularly. As a physical activity that is cheap, safe, and quite popular in society, yoga can be a safe and beneficial complementary therapy for pregnant women to do.

Kata Kunci : aktivitas fisik, yoga, ibu hamil, kehamilan