Spektrum Ideologi Anti Imigran Donald Trump dan Viktor Orban pada Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) 2022 & 2023

Citra Dewi Harmia, Dr. Aprillia Firmonasari, S.S., M. Hum., DEA.

2024 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Bertambah tingginya populasi imigran di berbagai negara didukung oleh semakin mudahnya akses mobilitas yang tersedia dewasa ini. Fenomena migrasi ini menuai kontroversi karena pendatang kerap dianggap membebani negara tujuan. Kontroversi ini memunculkan berbagai pandangan mengenai imigran yang ditunjukkan melalui tindakan dan ucapan. Pandangan terkait penolakan imigran di beberapa negara menunjukkan pola yang berbeda berkaitan dengan latar belakang dan nilai-nilai kebangsaan suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan spektrum ideologi anti imigran dalam pidato Viktor Orban dan Donald Trump pada acara CPAC 2022-2023. Jejak spektrum ideologi tersebut dijelaskan melalui pilihan leksikal dan temuan pembentukan klausa, serta dilengkapi dengan analisis praktik wacana dan praktik sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan model tiga dimensi Fairclough dengan pendekatan Analisis Wacana Kritis dengan metode deskriptif-kualitatif. Data penelitian berupa tuturan berikaitan dengan topik imigrasi dalam pidato Viktor Orban di CPAC 2022 dan pidato Donald Trump di CPAC 2023.

Analisis penelitian dibagi menjadi tiga bagian utama: analisis tekstual, analisis praktik wacana dan praktik sosial, serta analisis faktor internal dan eksternal dari indikasi ideologi anti imigran. Analisis tekstual mencakup analisis bentuk pilihan lingual untuk memaparkan bentuk representasi, relasi, dan identitas. Praktik wacana dan praktik sosial mencakup analisis intertekstualitas, interdiskursif, dan implikasi sosial yang ditimbulkannya. Faktor-faktor penyebab munculnya ideologi dijelaskan secara deskriptif melalui latar belakang sosiokultural dan fenomena sosial di masyarakat. 

Hasil analisis dalam tiga kerangka dimensi menunjukkan adanya spektrum ideologi anti-imigran berbeda yang dikonstruksi Trump dan Orban pada CPAC 2022 dan 2023. Spektrum ideologi tersebut tercermin dari penggunaan bentuk lingual dalam tataran leksikal dan klausa dalam penyebutan terhadap imigran ysng cenderung meminggirkan kelompok imigran. Temuan tekstual tersebut diperkuat oleh analisis keterkaitan isu imigran dengan wacana terdahulu, serta temuan praktik dan fenomena yang disebabkan oleh kemunculan wacana tersebut.

The increasing immigrant population in various countries is supported by the increasingly easy access to mobility available today. This migration phenomenon has sparked controversy because immigrants are often considered a burden on the destination country. This controversy gave rise to various views regarding immigrants which were demonstrated through actions and words. Views regarding immigrant rejection in several countries show different patterns related to a country's national background and values. This research aims to show the spectrum of anti-immigrant ideology in Viktor Orban and Donald Trump's speeches at the 2022-2023 CPAC event. Traces of the ideological spectrum are explained through lexical choices and findings on clause formation and are complemented by analysis of discourse practices and social practices. This research uses Fairclough's three-dimensional model with a Critical Discourse Analysis approach with descriptive-qualitative methods. The research data is in the form of speeches related to the topic of immigration in Viktor Orban's speech at CPAC 2022 and Donald Trump's speech at CPAC 2023.

The research analysis is divided into three main parts: textual analysis, analysis of discourse practices and social practices, as well as analysis of internal and external factors indicating anti-immigrant ideology. Textual analysis includes analysis of forms of lingual choice to explain forms of representation, relationships, and identity. Discourse practice and social practice include analysis of intertextuality, interdiscursivity, and the social implications they cause. The factors causing the emergence of ideology are explained descriptively through sociocultural background and social phenomena in society. 

The results of the analysis in a three-dimensional framework show that there is a spectrum of different anti-immigrant ideologies constructed by Trump and Orban at CPAC 2022 and 2023. This ideological spectrum is reflected in the use of lingual forms at the lexical and clause level in referring to immigrants which tends to marginalize immigrant groups. These textual findings are strengthened by analysis of the relationship between immigrant issues and previous discourse, as well as findings on practices and phenomena caused by the emergence of this discourse.

Kata Kunci : analisis wacana kritis, anti-imigran, ideologi, pilihan leksikal, tuturan, Donald Trump, Viktor Orban, CPAC