PERSELISIHAN UNI EROPA-INDONESIA TERKAIT PELARANGAN EKSPOR NIKEL INDONESIA KE EROPA : ANALISIS TERHADAP WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) DAN MEKANISME ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA

BINTANG CAHYA DANI DELLA ROSE, Dr. Randy Wirasta Nandyatama, S.I.P., M.Sc.

2023 | Skripsi | Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Kesadaran dunia akan pentingnya isu lingkungan mempengaruhi kebutuhan terhadap sumber energi terbarukan. Nikel menjadi komoditas tambang  primadona sebagai campuran utama bahan pembuatan baterai Lithium yang sedang gencar dikembangkan. Indonesia melihat peluang untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya dan mengeluarkan kebijakan larangan ekspor bijih nikel sebagai awal program hilirisasi industri pertambangan. Ketersediaan rantai pasok bijih nikel di Uni Eropa dan beberapa negara di dunia terganggu. Pada tahun 2019, Uni Eropa mengajukan gugatan ke World Trade Organization (WTO) terhadap kebijakan Indonesia ini. Fungsi badan banding di WTO saat ini tidak berjalan sebagaimana mestinya akibat boikot Amerika Serikat. Beberapa negara anggota WTO lantas membentuk badan arbiter sementara untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang disebut Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). Dengan menggunakan perspektif institusionalisme liberal, disandingkan dengan beberapa argumen, pendapat ahli dan temuan penelitian, penulis akan melakukan analisa peluang penyelesaian sengketa perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa  melalui mekanisme MPIA, serta peluang penyelesaian sengketa melalui mekanisme lain. 

The need for renewable energy sources is influenced by the global awareness of the urgency of environmental issues. Since nickel is a key component of the produced lithium batteries, nickel has become a valuable mining commodity. As the first step in a downstream mining sector programme, Indonesia banned the export of nickel ore after recognising an opportunity to maximise revenues. The supply chains for nickel ore are affected in the European Union and a number of other nations. On 2019, The World Trade Organisation, also known as the WTO, received a lawsuit from the European Union criticising Indonesia's stance. Unfortunately, the United States boycott is making it difficult for the WTO's appeals body to operate normally, which is impeding the resolution of this case. Several WTO member countries formed a temporary arbitrator body to resolve issues called the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). By using a liberal institutionalism perspective, coupled with several arguments, expert opinions and research findings, the author will analyse opportunities for resolving trade disputes between Indonesia and the European Union through the MPIA mechanism, as well as opportunities for resolving disputes through other mechanisms.

Kata Kunci : Nikel, Kebijakan Hilirisasi Industrialisasi Pertambangan Indonesia, Gugatan Uni Eropa, Badan-Badan WTO, Saling Ketergantungan Ekonomi, MPIA.