Analisis Ketimpangan Pembangunan Ekonomi Dan Infrastruktur Serta Pergeseran Ekonomi Wilayah Antarkabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Sebelum Dan Saat Pandemi COVID-19

Salma Az Zahra, Laksmi Yustika Devi, S.P., M.Si., Ph.D.

2023 | Tugas Akhir | D4 PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI KEWILAYAHAN

Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta menjadi provinsi dengan jumlah presentase penduduk miskin terbanyak di Pulau Jawa. Adanya fenomena penyebaran Pendemi COVID- 19 di awal tahun 2020 juga memberikan dampak yang signifikan pada sektor perekonomian di Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui kondisi ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antarkabupaten/kota di Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta sebelum dan saat Pandemi COVID-19; (2) mengetahui kondisi ketimpangan pembangunan infrastruktur antarkabupaten/kota di Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta sebelum dan saat Pandemi COVID-19; (3) mengetahui klasifikasi daerah antarkabupaten/kota di Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta sebelum dan saat Pandemi COVID-19; (4) mengetahui sektor potensial yang dapat dikembangkan oleh masing-masing kabupaten/kota di Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta sebelum dan saat Pandemi COVID-19. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan waktu 6 tahun yaitu sebelum (2017-2019) dan saat Pandemi COVID-19 (2020-2022). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) tingkat ketimpangan ekonomi sebelum pandemi (2017-2019) tergolong ketimpangan sedang karena 0,35 < IW> 0,5; (2) tingkat pembangunan infrastruktur dari masing-masing kabupaten/kota tidak ada perbedaan pada masa sebelum dan saat Pandemi COVID- 19 (tahun 2017-2022), namun hanya terjadi sedikit pergeseran yaitu di tahun 2019, posisi Kabupaten Gunungkidul meningkat pada hirarki III, namun tahun 2020- 2022, mengalami penurunan kembali pada hirarki IV; (3) klasifikasi pertumbuhan pembangunan ekonomi antarkabupaten/kota di Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta mengalami perubahan, dimana pada sebelum pandemi (2017-2019) Kabupaten Sleman ada pada kuadran daerah cepat maju, Kota Yogyakarta berada di kuadran daerah maju tapi tertekan, lalu Kabupaten Kulon Progo di kuadran daerah berkembang cepat serta Kabupaten Bantul dan Kabupaten Gunungkidul ada di kuadran daerah relatif tertinggal, kemudian saat pandemi (2020-2022) Kabupaten Sleman bergeser pada kuadran daerah maju tapi tertekan, Kabupaten Bantul dan Kabupaten Gunungkidul bergeser ke kuadran daerah berkembang cepat serta Kabupaten Kulon Progo berubah ke kuadran daerah relatif tertinggal, sedangkan yang lainnya tetap; (4) perubahan sektor potensial yang terjadi sebelum dan saat Pandemi COVID-19 yaitu Kabupaten Bantul, Kabupaten Sleman dan Kota Yogyakarta mengalami penambahan sektor menjadi sektor primer, sektor sekunder dan sektor tersier, sedangkan Kabupaten Gunungkidul dan Kabupaten Kulon Progo mengalami pergeseran dan penambahan sektor yaitu menjadi sektor sekunder dan tersier saja.

Special Region of Yogyakarta is the province with the highest percentage of poor people on the island of Java. The phenomenon of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 also had a significant impact on the economic sector in Special Region of Yogyakarta. Therefore, this research aims to (1) determine the condition of economic development inequality between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic; (2) knowing the condition of inequality in infrastructure development between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic; (3) know the regional classification between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic; (4) knowing the potential sectors that can be developed by each district/city in Special Region of Yogyakarta before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The method used is a quantitative descriptive method with a period of 6 years, namely before (2017-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022). The results of this research show that: (1) the level of economic inequality before the pandemic (2017-2019) was classified as moderate inequality because it was 0.35 < IW> 0.5; (2) the level of infrastructure development in each district/city did not differ between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2022), but there was only a slight shift, namely in 2019, the position of Gunungkidul Regency increased in hierarchy III, However, in 2020-2022, there will be a decline again in hierarchy IV; (3) classification of economic development growth between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta experienced changes, where before the pandemic (2017-2019) Sleman Regency was in the fast developing regions quadrant, Yogyakarta City was in the developed but depressed regions quadrant, then Kulon Progo Regency was in the fast developing regions quadrant and Bantul Regency and Gunungkidul Regency were in the quadrant relatively underdeveloped areas, then during the pandemic (2020-2022) Sleman Regency shifted to the developed but depressed area quadrant, Bantul Regency and Gunungkidul Regency shifted to the fast developing area quadrant and Kulon Progo Regency changed to the relatively underdeveloped area quadrant, while the others remained; (4) potential sector changes that occurred before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely Bantul Regency, Sleman Regency and Yogyakarta City experienced additional sectors into primary sectors, secondary sectors and tertiary sectors, while Gunungkidul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency experienced shifts and additional sectors, namely into secondary and tertiary sectors only.

Kata Kunci : pandemi, ketimpangan ekonomi, ketimpangan infrastruktur, klasifikasi pertumbuhan, sektor potensial.