Biochar and Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) capacity as strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide in maize (Zea mays L.)
FIRDAUSI NUR AZIZAH, Prof. Dr. Ir. Benito Heru Purwanto, M.P., M.Agr.; Prof. Dr. Keitaro Tawaraya; Prof. Dr. Diah Rachmawati, S.Si., M.Si.
2023 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Pertanian
Controlling the nitrification process is the main strategy for lowering
N2O production because the end product NO3-
functions as a denitrification substrate (a source of N2O under
anaerobic conditions) and nitrification acts as a source of N2O
under aerobic conditions. To decrease N2O
emissions and conserve N, recent studies have focused on chemicals derived from
root exudates that inhibit nitrification. However, selective plant breeding
could be used to control nitrification activity in soil instead of fertilisers
or synthetic nitrification inhibitors. This
study aims to identify and obtain alternative strategies to suppress
nitrification in order to reduce N2O emissions in maize as one of
the most significant food crops in the world and has a high potential N2O
emission factor value through the use of biological nitrification inhibition
(BNI) and biochar, whereas BNI in maize has not yet drawn much attention in
contrast to rice and wheat. Thirty maize varieties were classified based on
trends in N2O emissions and grain yields under different N-rate then
compared to Brachicaria humudicola (Bh), a plant with high BNI
capacity, to identify nitrification inhibition (NI) activity. Maize varieties
with high NI capacity and low/no NI capacity were used to identify the capacity
of BNI in maize and studying the mechanism of biochar in mitigating N2O
emissions. Maize yield and N2O flux varied among varieties, while
exhibiting inconsistent responses to the N-rate application. The efficient maize varieties (EE) (Bisi
228, Bisi 2, Bisi 99, Bisi 18, and NK 7202), which revealed consistent high
grain yield and low emission under N1 and N3, showed increased levels of grain
yield, yield components, N-accumulation, dry matter, root volume, and NH4+
in soil, and reduced cumulative N2O and NO3- in soil compared to N-inefficient maize
varieties (NN) (Arjuna, Manding, Guluk-guluk, NK 007, Anoman, and Pertiwi 3),
which were consistent result in low grain yield and high N2O
emission both under N1 and N3. Maize variety had diverse effects on
nitrification, N dynamics, and plant characteristics during the vegetative
stages. Some maize varieties (Bisi 228, Bisi 99, Pioneer 35, Pioneer 36,
Anoman, and Bisma) had 1.1–1.6 times lower nitrification rate (NR) compared to
that of Bh, and had lower NO3- formation. In response to different varieties of maize,
there was a considerable change in root exudation, and some of these changes in
root exudate concentration were associated to changes in root and shoot N
concentration. Bisi 228 (low N2O emission and high grain yield)
exuded the lowest levels of organic and amino acids, as well as the highest
levels of nucleotide and amino sugars, and the highest concentration of N in
the roots and shoots, while Anoman (high N2O emission and low grain
yield) showed the opposite trend. In comparison to the control, root exudate
from Bisi 228 demonstrated a 3.6?pacity to inhibit nitrification, while root
exudate from Anoman demonstrated a 0.5?pacity to promote nitrification.
Biochar source, maize variety, and their combination could have a significant
impact on soil properties, nitrogen dynamics (NH4+, NO3-,
and N2O emission), and plant characteristics (biomass and root
systems). The application of biochar potentially lowered the N2O
emissions of Bisi 79 and Anoman (high N2O emissions), to levels
similar to those of Bisi 228 and NK 007 (low N2O emissions).
Regarding the reduction of cumulative N2O emission during the
vegetative stage, maize stove biochar outperformed sawdust and rice husk
biochar. The Bisi 228 can be a feasible strategy for
increasing N fertilizer efficiency without reducing maize production as well as
decrease the negative impact of N lost in agricultural system. Corn stove
biochar can be an alternative strategy to mitigate N2O emissions and conserve N in soil for
maize with high N2O
emission.
Kata Kunci : climate change, nitrogen use efficiency, root-soil interaction, biochar, maize