Karakter bangunan Masjid :: Studi persepsi visual pada enam Masjid di Yogyakarta

IRA, Ade, Ir. Haryadi, M.Arch.,PhD

2003 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Arsitektur

Latarbelakang adanya hubungan lingkungan dan manusia mengawali penelitian ini. Perbedaan persepsi dalam memaknai karakter bangunan melalui bentuk simbolik membuat perlu studi persepsi tentang karakter bangunan masjid. Perkembangan masjid-masjid di Yogyakarta ditandai dengan adanya masjidmasjid tradisional dan masjid-masjid kontemporer. Masjid-masjid tersebut memiliki karakter bangunan yang khas sehingga perlu dipelajari pada Masjid Agung Yogyakarta, Masjid Plasa Kuning, Masjid Syuhada’, Masjid Kampus UGM, Masjid Teknik UGM, dan Masjid Muttaqien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakter bangunan masjid melalui studi persepsi oleh mahasiswa desain tentang makna karakter bangunan masjid dan penilaian terhadap atribut pembentuk karakter bangunan pada 6 masjid di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi rasionalistik yang bersifat deskripsi dan eksplanasi. Enam masjid di Yogyakarta dipilih berdasarkan tipologi masjid menurut waktu dan setting yang dikelompokkan dalam masjid tradisional dan masjid kontemporer. Unit analisis adalah karakter bangunan masjid menurut persepsi mahasiswa desain. Unit amatan adalah elemen-elemen visual berupa foto eksterior, fasad, dan elemen fisik yang khas (gerbang, halaman/plaza, atap, tempat wudhu, serambi/selasar, ruang sholat, mihrab dan mimbar, serta elemen khusus/ragam hias). Dimensi persepsi mahasiswa desain dalam memaknai karakter masjid didapat melalui kuesioner berupa pertanyaan open-ended. Karakter bangunan pada 6 masjid di Yogyakarta didapat dari studi persepsi visual menggunakan skala Osgood yang terdiri dari variabel gaya (tradisionalkontemporer, dekoratif-polos), raut (statis/kaku-dinamis/fleksibel, sederhanakompleks), warna (sejuk-panas, suram-cerah), bahan/tekstur (natural-buatan, halus-kasar, masif-transparan), cahaya (gelap-terang), ukuran/dimensi (sempitlapang, kecil-besar), skala (agung-intim, simetris-asimetris), dominasi/hirarki (unik-biasa, vertikal-horisontal, memusat-menyebar, kontras-selaras, kontinuitasdiskontinuitas), orientasi (kuat-lemah), kesan visual (sederhana-megah, manusiawi-monumental, tertutup-terbuka, mengundang-menolak, akrab-tidak akrab, formal-santai, sakral/mistis-profan). Teknik analisis dengan perbandingan nilai means menggunakan SPSS dan dibahas dengan analisis geometris berdasarkan teori yang didialogkan dengan hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa persepsi mahasiswa desain tentang makna karakter bangunan masjid paling mudah dimengerti dari bentuk simbolik; tanda bangunan masjid paling mudah dilihat dari elemen eksterior (atap dan menara), dan ornamen karena bentuk simbolik dan fungsi yang khas; serta atribut karakter bangunan dapat dilihat dari aspek estetika (visibility dan legibility) dan aspek imagebiliy. Karakter umum pada 6 masjid di Yogyakarta adalah cenderung sejuk, cerah, halus, lapang, selaras, kontinuitas, kuat orientasinya, terbuka, mengundang, akrab, dan formal. Karakter tradisional-kontemporer pada 6 masjid di Yogyakarta sangat bervariasi ini terbukti dari 5 variabel (dekoratifpolos, sederhana-kompleks, natural-buatan, sederhana-megah, sakral-profan) tidak signifikan secara statisitik. Karakter bangunan masjid sangat tergantung dari sejahumanakah penghayatan desainer terhadap fungsi dan makna suatu mesjid.

The background that initiated this research is the existence of relation between environment and human being. Perception difference in giving meaning of building character through symbolic form makes the need of perception study on character building of mosque. The development of mosques in Yogyakarta marked with the existence of traditional mosques and contemporary mosques. These mosques have special building characteristics that need to be studied. The aim of this research is to identify the character of mosque building through design student’s perception study on meaning of mosque building character and their assessments on forming attribute of mosque building character of 6 mosques in Yogyakarta. These mosques are Masjid Agung Yogyakarta, Masjid Plasa Kuning, Masjid Syuhada’, Masjid Kampus UGM, Masjid Teknik UGM, and Masjid Muttaqien. This research use descriptive and explanative rationalistic methodology. Six mosques in Yogyakarta selected based on typology of mosque in time and setting, which grouped in traditional mosque and contemporary mosque. Analysis units are character building of mosques in design student’s perception. Observing units are visual elements in form of exterior photo, façade, and specific physical elements (roof, gate, yard/plaza, place for wudhu, veranda/open veranda, space for praying/sholat, mihrab/mimbar, and special elements/decorative style). The perception dimension of design student in giving meaning of mosque building character is obtained from open-ended questionnaire. The character building of mosque of these 6 mosques is obtained from the visual perception study using Osgood scale, which consists of variable style (traditional-contemporary, decorative-artless), shape (static/stiffdynamic/ flexible, simple-complex), color (cool-hot, gloomy-bright), material/texture (natural-artificial, smooth-rough, massive-transparent), light (dark-bright), size/dimension (narrow-wide/spacious, small-big), scale (monumental-intimate, symmetrical-asymmetrical), dominancy/hierarchy (uniqueordinary, vertical-horizontal, concentric-spreading, contrast-harmonic, continuitydiscontinuity) orientation (strong-weak), and visual impression (simple-luxury, human-monumental, opened-closed, inviting-refusing, intimate-separate, formalrelax, sacred/mystical-profane). Technique of analysis is means value comparison using SPSS which is examined using geometric analysis based on theory and dialogued with research result. The result of this research shows that design student’s perception on the meaning of the character building of mosque is understood easiest through symbolic form; building sign of mosque is recognized easiest through exterior elements (roof and minaret) and ornaments (because of its specific symbolic form and function); and building character attributes can be recognized from its aesthetics aspect (visibility and legibility) and imagibility aspect. General character of these 6 mosques in Yogyakarta are tend to cool, bright, smooth, wide/spacious, harmonic, continuity, strong orientation, opened, inviting, intimate, and formal. Traditional-contemporary characters of these 6 mosques are highly vary, proven by the statistically insignificant of 5 variables (decorative-artless, simple-complex, natural-artificial, simple-luxury, sacred-profane). The character of mosque building is highly depend on designer comprehension of function and meaning of a mosque.

Kata Kunci : Bangunan Masjid,Karakteristik, character building of mosque, visual perception, design student