Pentingnya reorientasi pembinaan transmigran di permukiman lahan kering dan lahan pasang surut sumatera selatan

H. Soebadilan, Prof.Dr.Ida Bagoes Mantra; Prof.Dr.Ir. Sri Widodo, M.Sc; Dr. Gunawan Sumodiningrat

1997 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Pertanian

Tujuan penelitian secara umum untuk mengetahui peri— laku anggota rumahtangga dalam penggunaan tenaga kerja^ pendapatan, dan mencari alternatif konsep pembinaan trans— migran bagi pengembangan dimasa depan. Lebih khusus, ditujukan untuk menganalisis pola usahatani dan produktivitas lahan, permintaan tenaga kerja di usahatani dan alokasi tenaga keluarga di luar usahatani, dan distribusi pendapatan rumahtangga. Penelitian dilakukan di ekosistem lahan kering dan lahan pasang surut, terhadap 360 rumahtangga ' transmigran dengan metode survey- Setiap ekosistem lahan dipilih 3 (tiga) desa menurut umur permukiman <6 tahun (masih dibina), 6—9 tahun (pasca pembinaan), dan >9 tahun (per mukiman lama). Setiap desa sampel diambil secara random 60 rumahtangga, dengan transmigran sebagai responden- Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola usahatani didominasi oleh cabang usahatani padi, pola tanam dengan sistem tumpang sari, dan produktivitas lahan usahatani di lahan kering (22,5 kw/ha) lebih tinggi daripada lahan pasang surut (16,0 kw/ha)- Pada pasca pembinaan produk tivitas lahan usahatani kurang berkembang, namun cenderung meningkat dengan bertambahnya umur permukiman. Dengan perhitungan bekerja penuh 7 (tujuh) jam se— hari, maka tingkat waktu.kerja transmigran di usahatani lahan kering lebih rendah (50 . persen) daripada lahan pasang surut (56 persen). Akan tetapi proporsi permintaan tenaga buruh lebih tinggi (18 persen), sedang alokasi waktu kerja di luar usahatani lebih rendah (29 jam/minggu) daripada lahan pasang surut, masing—masing 14 persen dan 31 jam/minggu- Peranan isteri hampir sama besar dengan suami, dengan kontribusi sekitar 45 persen terhadap penggunaan tenaga keluarga di usahatani- Pendapatan rumahtangga di lahan kering Rp 895 ribu/ tahun, sedang lahan pasang surut Rp 957 ribu/tahun- Per bedaan ini disebabkan oleh kontribusi pendapatan luar usahatani yang lebih rendah (21 persen) daripada lahan pasang surut (28 persen). Selain luas lahan, penggunaan benih padi unggul meningkatkan pendapatan bukan saja bagi pemilik lahan (transmigran), tetapi juga tenaga buruh- Distribusi pendapatan di kedua ekosistem lahan cenderung makin timpang dengan bertambahnya umur permukiman- Ketimpangan ini terutama berasal dari pendapatan usahatani padi (35,8 persen), sedang lahan pasang surut berasal dari pendapatan non—padi (38,4 persen). Komponen pendapatan luar usahatani di lahan kering akan menambah ketimpangan, sedang di lahan pasang surut adalah sebaliknya. Pembinaan mengalami stagnasi setelah penyerahan- Oleh karena itu penting dilakukan reorientasi pembinaan utama— nya dalam rekrutmen, pemberian lahan, dan persiapan lebih awal bagi aparat Pemda serta dukungan dana (anggaran).

This research aimes to find out the incomes of transmi grants and the behavior of household members in using the labor, and look for alternative methods of establishing transmigrant villages in the future. Specifically, this study will analyze "farming systems and land productivity, labor force demand on farms, allocation of family labor to off-farm activities, and the distribution of income between househoId. Research was conducted by surveying 180 households from an upland ecosystem and ISO from a tidal swamp ecosystem- For each ecosystem, three villages were select ed: one that was less than 6 years old (still being estab lished), one that was 6—9 years old (post—establishment), and one that was over 9 years old (long-term settlement). For every village 60 households were selected randomly, and the husband was used as respondent. The results of the research indicate that the farming system was an intercropping system dominated by rice farming- Rice farm productivity does not develop much during the post establishment period, whereas there is a tendency for it to increase during the long-term settle ment. Overall, upland productivity (22.5 kw/ha) was clear— ly higher than that of the tidal swamp land (16-0 kw/ha)- The husband's labor use was different in the two ecosystems- Takinq seven hours as a full work day, work duration in the uoland was 50 percent, whereas it was 56 percent in the tidal swamp areas- On the contrary, the proportion of work done by hired labor was higher (18 percent) in the uplands, but the work- time allocation on off-farm activities was lower (29 hours/week) than in the tidal swamp areas, where these figures were 14 percent and 31 hours/week. In both ecosystems, the wife's farm labor was 45 percent, almost as high as her husbands. The household income in the upland areas was Rp 895,000/yBar while it was Rp 957,000/year in the tidal swamp land areas. This difference was brought about by income from off—farm work, which was lower in the upland (21 percent) than in the tidal swamp areas (28 percent). In both ecosystem, the size.of land and the use. of a prime variety of rice seeds increased incomes not only for the land owner (transmigrant), but also for his laborers. Income distribution in the two land ecosystems tended to grow more imbalanced the longer each village had been settled- The largest contribution to this imbalance in upland areas came from rice farm income (35-8 percent), whereas in the tidal swamp lands, the largest part of this imbalance was from non—rice farm income (38.4 percent). According to elasitcity ratios the income components of off—farm activities in the uplands area will increase the imbalance, whereas they decrease it in tidal swamp areas. Support and guidance of villages experience a stagna tion after they are handed over to local government. To address this and other problems, it is important for the government to have a reorientation in establishment, mainly by improving recruitment, altering land provisions, and preparing local authorities and financial budgets before a settlement is carried out.

Kata Kunci : Transmigrasi, Lahan kering,