Perempuan dalam Jerat Pandemi Covid-19: Studi Kasus Kekerasan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

SITI ASIYAH, Dr. Amelia Maika, M.A., M.Sc.

2023 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekplorasi pengalaman perempuan korban kekerasan dalam relasi pasangan intim pada masa pandemi Covid-19 dan untuk mendeskripsikan kebijakan adaptif pemerintah daerah dalam merespon kasus kekerasan. Penelitian ini berdasar pada metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan berperspektif feminis. Teori feminisme radikal, teori interseksionalitas dan teorisasi strategi koping digunakan untuk menganalisis pengalaman kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Adapun teori fungsionalisme struktural digunakan untuk menganalisis kebijakan adaptif pemerintah. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dipilih sebagai lokus penelitian. Partisipan ditentukan secara purposif yaitu perempuan yang sudah menikah dan mengalami kekerasan dalam relasi pasangan intim di situasi pandemi Covid-19. Partisipan dari unsur pemerintah dipilih berdasarkan tugas dan fungsi dinas/lembaga pemerintah di bidang pemberdayaan perempuan dan rehabilitasi sosial. Data primer dan sekunder dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Validitas data diverifikasi dengan mewawancarai lebih dari satu subjek penelitian serta menyandingkan data primer dan sekunder.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan terjadi pada korban yang memiliki beragam latar belakang usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan dan status relasi pasangan intim. Korban mengalami kekerasan psikis, fisik serta penelantaran ekonomi dan non ekonomi. Kekerasan disebabkan oleh patriarki, andil negara serta interseksi gender dengan identitas perempuan, kemiskinan dan pendidikan. Patriarki beroperasi melalui kontrol laki-laki atas perempuan dengan menggunakan anak, menggunakan hak istimewa laki-laki dan mengintimidasi. Andil negara pada kasus kekerasan dalam bentuk minimnya pengawasan negara dalam pelaksanaan peraturan pemondokan sehingga terjadi praktik kohabitasi yang berujung pada kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Untuk menyikapi tekanan akibat kekerasan, korban melakukan strategi koping yang berfokus pada masalah dan emosi. Hasil penelitian pada aspek kebijakan menunjukkan bahwa berbagai kebijakan adaptif dikeluarkan oleh Pemda DIY untuk merespon kasus kekerasan di situasi pandemi Covid-19. Kebijakan tersebut meliputi penerapan protokol kesehatan dalam penanganan kasus kekerasan, membuka kembali layanan offline disamping tetap menyelenggarakan layanan online, penjaringan kasus kekerasan dan sosialisasi ke berbagai kalurahan di lima kabupaten/kota DIY, pendanaan rapid test bagi korban yang membutuhkan rumah aman, penerapan praktik baik penanganan bencana gempa bumi dan Gunung Merapi meletus, serta pembentukan Klaster Perlindungan dan Pengungsian untuk menangani kasus kekerasan berbasis gender dalam bencana.

The research aims to explore the experiences of women victims of violence in intimate partner relationships during the Covid-19 pandemic and to describe the adaptive policies of local governments as a respond to violence cases. This research based on qualitative method with case study approach and a feminist perspective. Radical feminism theory, intersectionality theory and coping strategy theorization are used to analyze experiences of violence against women. The structural functionalism theory is used to analyze adaptive government policies. Yogyakarta Special Region (YSR) was chosen as the research locus. Participants were determined purposively, namely women who were married and experienced violence in intimate partner relationships during the Covid-19 pandemic. Participants from government elements were selected based on the duties and functions of government agencies/institutions in the field of women's empowerment and social rehabilitation. Primary and secondary data were collected through in-depth interviews and documentation. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Data validity was verified by interviewing more than one research subject and comparing primary and secondary data.
The research results show that violence took place against victims with different backgrounds in terms of age, education, employment and intimate partner relationship status. Victims experienced psychological, physical violence as well as economic and non-economic neglect. These violence were caused by patriarchy, role of the state and the intersection of gender with women's identity, poverty and education. Patriarchy operates through men's control over women by using children, exercising male privilege and intimidation. The state's contribution to cases of violence was identified in the form of scant supervision towards implementation of lodging regulations, resulted in cohabitation relationship which led to violence against women. In order to deal with the stress caused by violence, victims employed coping strategies that focus on problems and emotions. The results of research on policy aspects showed that various adaptive policies were issued by the YSR Regional Government responding to cases of violence in the wake of Covid-19 pandemic. These policies engaged the implemention of health protocols in handling cases of violence, reopening offline services as well as continuing to provide online services, intercepting violence cases and outreaching to various sub-districts in five districts/cities of YSR, funding rapid tests for victims who need a safe house, implementing proven practices obtained during natural disasters handling, as well as the establishment of Protection and Refugee Clusters to handle cases of gender-based violence during disasters.

Kata Kunci : Covid-19, kebijakan, kekerasan, pandemi, perempuan