Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Karakteristik Pengangguran di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Sulawesi Barat

Amiza Husna, Prof. Dr. Sukamdi, M.Sc.

2023 | Skripsi | GEOGRAFI DAN ILMU LINGKUNGAN

Pandemi Covid-19 yang menyebar hampir di seluruh negara dunia termasuk Indonesia berdampak besar tidak hanya terhadap aspek kesehatan, namun juga aspek lainnya yang salah satunya yaitu aktivitas ekonomi. Adanya penerapan PSBB menyebabkan aktivitas ekonomi sebagian berhenti beroperasi dan sebagian lagi tetap beroperasi yang cenderung terbatas dan memperhatikan protokol kesehatan yang telah ditentukan. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak penduduk yang kehilangan pendapatan sehingga daya beli menurun yang mengindikasikan permintaan akan barang dan jasa juga menurun. Menanggapi hal ini, banyak pelaku ekonomi yang mengurangi tenaga kerja tertentu untuk mencegah kerugian lebih lanjut. Akibat hal tersebut, terjadi PHK secara massal dan angka pengangguran yang melonjak. 

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis distribusi spasial pengangguran di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Sulawesi Barat saat pandemi Covid-19 menurut kabupaten/kota, menganalisis pergeseran pertumbuhan ekonomi secara sektoral di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Sulawesi Barat saat pandemi Covid-19, serta menganalisis perbedaan karakteristik pengangguran di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Sulawesi Barat saat pandemi Covid-19. Data utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Raw Data Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (Sakernas) oleh Badan Pusat Statistik dengan tahun kajian yaitu tahun 2020. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu kuantitatif dengan metode analisis meliputi analisis spasial dan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Variabel yang digunakan dalam analisis karakteristik pengangguran yaitu umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, dan pelatihan.

Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) di Provinsi DKI Jakarta mengalami perubahan dari sebelum ke saat pandemi Covid-19 yaitu yang sebelumnya berada pada kategori sedang menjadi kategori tinggi. TPT di Provinsi Sulawesi Barat masih pada kategori rendah baik pada sebelum maupun saat pandemi Covid-19. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Shift-Share, sektor yang tetap mampu tumbuh positif pada saat pandemi Covid-19 yaitu pertanian serta informasi dan komunikasi. Kelompok yang terdampak oleh pandemi Covid-19 yaitu tenaga kerja usia muda, tenaga kerja usia tua, tenaga kerja laki-laki, tenaga kerja terdidik dan terampil.

The Covid-19 pandemic which has spread to almost all countries of the world including Indonesia has had a major impact not only on health but also other aspects, one of which is economic activity. The implementation of the PSBB has caused some economic activities to stop operating and some to continue operating which tend to be limited and pay attention to predetermined health protocols. This has caused many residents to lose their income so their purchasing power has decreased, which indicates that the demand for goods and services has also decreased. In response to this, many economic actors reduced certain workforces to prevent further losses. As a result of this, mass layoffs occurred and the unemployment rate soared.

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of unemployment in the Provinces of DKI Jakarta and West Sulawesi during the Covid-19 pandemic by district/city, to analyze sectoral economic growth in the Provinces of DKI Jakarta and West Sulawesi during the Covid-19 pandemic, and to analyze the differences in the characteristics of unemployment in the Provinces DKI Jakarta and West Sulawesi during the Covid-19 pandemic. The main data used in this study is the National Labor Force Survey Raw Data (Sakernas) by the Central Statistics Agency with the year of study, namely 2020. The approach used in this study is quantitative with analytical methods including spatial analysis and quantitative descriptive analysis. The variables used in the analysis of unemployment characteristics are age, gender, education, and training.

The research results obtained are the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) in DKI Jakarta Province, which has changed from before to the time of the Covid-19 pandemic, namely from the moderate category to the high category. TPT in West Sulawesi Province was still in the low category both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results of the Shift-Share analysis, sectors that were still able to grow positively during the Covid-19 pandemic were agriculture and information and communication. The groups affected by the Covid-19 pandemic are young workers, old workers, male workers, educated and skilled workers.

Kata Kunci : pengangguran, sektor ekonomi, umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pelatihan/unemployment, economic sector, age, gender, education, training