EVALUASI DAMPAK PROGRAM PERHUTANAN SOSIAL TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN DESA DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS PADA SKEMA HUTAN DESA)

Galih Dwi Prastio, Eny Sulistyaningrum, S.E., M.A., Ph.D.

2023 | Tesis | S2 Magister Ek.Pembangunan

Pendekatan state based dalam pengelolaan hutan di Indonesia menghasilkan ketimpangan yang tinggi akan akses terhadap pemanfaatan sumberdaya hutan. Berdasarkan data pengelolaan hutan produksi di Indonesia pada tahun 2018, swasta memiliki porsi pengelolaan sebesar 95,76%, sedangkan porsi pengelolaan oleh masyarakat hanya sebesar 4,14%. Praktik pemanfaatan hutan yang sangat didominasi oleh negara yang kemudian dikonsensikan ke pihak swasta dalam praktiknya tidak berhasil mengungkit pembangunan desa di dalam dan sekitar kawasan hutan. Desa-desa di dalam dan sekitar kawasan hutan tetap identik dengan ketertinggalan. Desa berstatus tertinggal di dalam kawasan hutan persentasenya mencapai 95%, sedangkan diluar kawasan hutan, desa berstatus tertinggal persentasenya hanya 6,9%. Ketertinggalan pembangunan desa di dalam kawasan hutan linear dengan tingginya tingkat kemiskinan di kawasan tersebut. Masyarakat yang tinggal di dalam kawasan hutan, 20% nya hidup dibawah garis kemiskinan, jauh lebih tinggi daripada tingkat kemiskinan nasional diangka 9,22%. Melalui skema pengelolaan hutan berbasis masyarakat, atau dikenal dengan perhutanan sosial (PS), pemerintah memiliki target hingga tahun 2024 sebsar 12,7 juta ha kawasan hutan dikelola oleh masyarakat. Hingga Juni tahun 2022 progres capaian akses kelola mencapai 4,9 juta ha, dan akan terus bertambah. Luasan tersebut telah terdistribusi dan dikelola oleh 1,09 juta rumah tangga di dalam dan sekitar kawasan hutan. Dalam konteks pengelolaan berbasis desa, setidaknya telah terdapat 1.217 desa yang diberikan akses pengelolaan hutan desa.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dampak intervensi program perhutanan sosial terhadap pembangunan desa di dalam dan sekitar kawasan hutan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode evaluasi dampak difference in difference (DiD). Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari Kementerian Desa Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan serta data potensi desa dari Badan Pusat Statistik untuk tahun 2016, 2020 dan 2021. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa intervensi program perhutanan sosial memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif terhadap pembangunan desa ketahanan sosial yang diukur melalui indeks desa membangun (IDM). Sementara terhadap aspek usaha dan frekuensi bencana, intervensi program perhutanan sosial tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan.

The state-based approach to forest management in Indonesia has resulted in a high level of inequality in access to forest resources. Based on data from 2018, 95.76% of production forest utilization in Indonesia was conducted by the private sector, while the proportion managed by communities was only 4.14%. This access inequality is caused by the state's domination in the forestry sector, which is then consolidated with the private sector. However, this practice has proven unsuccessful in promoting village development within and around forest areas. Villages in these areas continue to be associated with underdevelopment. According to statistical data, the percentage of underdeveloped villages within forest areas reaches 95%, while outside forest areas, the percentage of underdeveloped villages is only 6.9%. The underdevelopment of villages within forest areas is directly correlated with the high level of poverty in these regions. Approximately 20% of the population living in forest areas live below the poverty line, which is significantly higher than the national poverty rate of 9.22%. To address this issue, the government has implemented a community-based forest management scheme known as the Social Forestry Program (PS). The government's target is to have 12.7 million hectares of forest areas managed by communities by 2024. As of June 2022, progress in achieving access to forest management has reached 4.9 million hectares and continues to increase. This area has been distributed and managed by 1.09 million households within and around forest areas. Within the framework of village-based management, at least 1,217 villages have been granted access to manage forest resources.

This research aims to evaluate the impact of the social forestry program intervention on village development within and around forest areas in Indonesia. The study utilizes the difference-in-differences (DiD) method for impact evaluation. Data for the research were obtained from Kemendesa PDTT, KLHK, as well as village potential data from the Central Statistics Agency for the years 2016, 2020, and 2021. The analysis results indicate that the social forestry program intervention has a significant and positive influence on the social resilience aspects of village development, as measured by the Village Development Index (IDM). However, the intervention does not have a significant impact on business aspects and disaster frequency.

Kata Kunci : Perhutanan Sosial, Pembangunan Desa, Kawasan Hutan, Indeks Desa Membangun, Desa Tertinggal, Evaluasi Dampak.