Implementasi Keswadayaan Petani dalam Strategi Mitigasi dan Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim di Sentra Pertanian Kalurahan Selopamioro Kabupaten Bantul

Novendra Cahyo Nugroho, Ratih Ineke Wati, S.P., M.Agr., Ph.D; Dr. Ir. Siti Andarwati, S.Pt., M.P., IPM. ASEAN Eng.

2023 | Tesis | S2 Penyuluhan dan Komunikasi Pembangunan

Perubahan iklim memberikan tekanan terhadap berbagai elemen kehidupan. Sektor pertanian menjadi yang paling rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim sebab sangat berpengaruh terhadap cekaman lingkungan. Dampak perubahan iklim terhadap sektor pertanian antara lain: meningkatnya hama dan menurunnya musuh alami, terjadinya cekaman yang membuat lahan kering maupun banjir, yang pada akhirnya menurunkan hasil produksi tanaman. Namun di sisi lain, petani selama bertahun tahun telah melakukan berbagai praktik budidaya yang sejatinya memiliki peran penting dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim seperti yang dilakukan petani di Sentra Pertanian Kalurahan Selopamioro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menganalisis unsur keswadayaan petani dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim dan (2) menganalisis strategi mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim melalui unsur keswadayaan petani di Sentra Pertanian Kalurahan Selopamioro Kabupaten Bantul. Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan melibatkan 19 informan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai tindakan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Selopamioro mencerminkan bahwa masyarakat telah memiliki keswadayaan. Adapun berbagai unsur keswadayaan yang terdapat masyarakat petani Selopamioro sebagai berikut: (a) air, benih, dan infrastruktur secara bertahap menjadi bagian dari unsur kebutuhan bersama yang secara bertahap pula dipenuhi oleh petani melalui institusi sosial; (b) unsur potensi dan sumber daya lokal terdiri dari keberadaan embung, integrasi tanaman tahunan dengan  semusim, ekoeduwisata, serta kekompakan masyarakat tani; (c) konservasi lahan, pranoto mongso, ternak Rp0, serta manajemen panen menjadi bagian dari unsur pengetahuan dan kearifan lokal; (d) kemudian institusi sosial terdiri dari adanya kelompok tani, KWT, petani milenial, dan gapoktan yang termasuk didalamnya berbagai aturan seperti: petani wajib mengikuti awal musim tanam dan setiap panen petani menyetorkan 5 kg gabah; (e) arisan tenaga, kekompakan, serta patriotisme menjadi elemen penyusun energi sosial; (f) pada proses dan mekanisme terdiri dari branding bawang merah glowing, pembiayaan usaha tani, teknis budidaya, infrastruktur pendukung, serta pemasaran hasil panen. Petani Selopamioro telah memiliki berbagai strategi terkait aksi dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim yang terdiri dari sisi strategi mitigasi meliputi: elektrifikasi penyiraman, gerakan pengendalian OPT, aplikasi sabut kelapa, budidaya tanaman tahunan serta pengaturan pola tanam. Selanjutnya masih ada penggunaan pupuk organik, pembiayaan usaha tani, keberadaan lumbung pangan, serta mengikuti sekolah lapang iklim. Kemudian dari sisi strategi adaptasi yang telah dilakukan petani di Selopamioro meliputi penggunaan embung, penyiraman menggunakan sistem kabut, serta pemanfaatan sumur dangkal-dalam. Selain itu masih ada diversifikasi komoditas, penggunaan kalender tanam, penggunaan varietas unggul, penggunaan sistem bedengan sisir, serta integrasi tanaman-ternak.

Climate change puts pressure on various elements of life. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because it is very influential on environmental stress. The impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector include: the increase of pests and the decline of natural enemies, the occurrence of stress that makes the land dry or flooded, which ultimately reduces crop production. On the other hand, farmers have been practicing various cultivation practices for many years that actually have an important role in dealing with climate change, such as those carried out by farmers in the Agricultural Center of Selopamioro Village. This study aims to (1) analyze the elements of farmers' self- reliance in facing climate change and (2) analyze climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies through the elements of farmers' self- reliance in the Selopamioro Agricultural Center of Bantul Regency. Descriptive qualitative approach was used in this study involving 19 informants. The results showed that various actions taken by the Selopamioro community reflected that the community had self- reliance. The elements of self- reliance found in the Selopamioro farming community are as follows: (a) water, seeds, and infrastructure gradually become part of the elements of common needs which are also gradually fulfilled by farmers through social institutions; (b) elements of local potential and resources consist of the existence of reservoirs, integration of annual crops with annuals, eco-tourism, and cohesiveness of the farming community; (c) land conservation, pranoto mongso, Rp0 livestock, and harvest management are part of the elements of local knowledge and wisdom; (d) then social institutions consist of the existence of farmer groups, KWT, millennial farmers, and gapoktan which include various rules such as: farmers are obliged to follow the beginning of the planting season and every harvest farmers deposit 5 kg of grain; (e) arisan tenaga, cohesiveness, and patriotism are the constituent elements of social energy; (f) the process and mechanism consists of glowing shallot branding, farm business financing, technical cultivation, supporting infrastructure, and marketing of crops. Selopamioro farmers already have various strategies related to actions in dealing with climate change consisting of mitigation strategies including: electrification of watering, pest control movement, coconut husk application, annual crop cultivation and cropping pattern arrangement. Furthermore, there is still the use of organic fertilizers, farming business financing, the existence of food barns, and attending climate field schools. Then in terms of adaptation strategies that have been carried out by farmers in Selopamioro include the use of reservoirs, watering using a fog system, and the use of shallow-deep wells. In addition, there is also commodity diversification, the use of planting calendars, the use of superior varieties, the use of comb bed systems, and crop-livestock integration.

Kata Kunci : keswadayaan, adaptasi, mitigasi, perubahan iklim