Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Gunung Hamiding dengan Prinsip Kehutanan Sosial di Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Provinsi Maluku Utara
Jacob Kailola, Dr. Ir. Ris Hadi Purwanto, Mgr. Sc., ; Prof. Dr. Ir. Soemardi, M.For.; Dr. Ir. Lies Rahayu WF, MP
2023 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Kehutanan
Hutan Lindung Gunung Hamiding (HLGH) Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Provinsi Maluku Utara memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan fungsi perlindungan, sistem penyangga kehidupan dan mengatur tata air, mencegah banjir, mencegah intruisi air laut, dan mengendalikan kesuburan tanah. Kondisi HLGH saat ini banyak mengalami kerusakan secara antropogenik akibat dari kegiatan perambahan hutan, illegal logging, perladangan berpindah, penggembalaan serta perburuan liar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi biofisik kawasan HLGH, kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat, modal sosial masyarakat, stakeholder yang terlibat dalam pengelolaan dan merumuskan strategi dalam mengelola kawasan dengan menggunakan prinsip kehutanan sosial.
Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan HLGH Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Provinsi Maluku Utara selama kurun waktu tahun 2021 – 2022. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah kondisi biofisik hutan lindung meliputi kelerengan, tanah, iklim, topografi dan perubahan tutupan lahan, kondisi sosial ekonomi; pendapatan, pengeluaran, kesenjangan pendapatan, kebutuhan dasar (pangan, kayu bakar, kayu pertukangan), persepsi masyarakat, sikap masyarakat, dan motifasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan HLGH, modal sosial dan stakeholder yang terlibat dalam pengelolaan hutan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kawasan HLGH memiliki kelerengan dari datar sampai dengan sangat curam, jenis batuan gunung api (holosen, tombs, tufa, formasi bacan) dan sedimen, iklim tipe A dan B (menurut Schimid dan Ferguson), curah hujan 1500-2500mm/thn, jenis tanah entisol, andosol dan regosol. Perubahan tutupan lahan akibat gangguan antropogenik berupa perambahan hutan, perladangan berpindah, illegal logging, penggembalaan dan perburuan satwa liar. Kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat rata-rata masih hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan dengan tingkat kesenjangan pendapatan yang rendah. Kebutuhan dasar masyarakat berupa kayu bakar dan pertukangan berasal dari kebun dan hutan lindung, sedangkan kebutuhan pangan masyarakat mengalami defisit. Persepsi dan sikap masyarakat kategori sedang, partisipasi masyarakat masih tergolong rendah. Kearifan lokal masyarakat mendukung dalam upaya pengelolaan hutan dengan nilai-nilai kerjasama yang telah membudaya baik berupa “babari” maupun “hirono”. Modal sosial masyarakat yang terdiri dari elemen kepercayaan, jaringan sosial dan norma berada pada kategori sedang sehingga masyarakat mudah diajak untuk bekerjasama. Hasil analisis terhadap stakeholder menunjukan bahwa stakeholder yang berperan sebagai key player adalah institusi Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (KPH) dan Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (BPDAS), sementara hubungan stakeholder masih sebatas koordinasi dan komunikasi. Berdasarkan analisis SWOT dan QSPM menunjukan ada 6 strategi prioritas yang dapat dilakukan untuk pengembangan pengelolaan HLGH yaitu partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan hutan, kerjasama pemerintah pusat dan daerah, pelatihan dan pendampingan masyarakat tentang agroforestry, pengembangan HLGH sebagai tujuan wisata, kerjasama stakeholder dalam merehabilitasi hutan yang mengalami kerusakan, membuka peluang usaha kecil dan menengah dalam mengelola hasil hutan non kayu dan jasa lingkungan.
Mount Hamiding Protection Forest (HLGH) of North Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province has an important role in providing protection functions, life support systems and regulating water management, preventing floods, preventing seawater intrusion, and controlling soil fertility. The condition of HLGH is currently experiencing anthropogenic damage as a result of forest encroachment, illegal logging, shifting cultivation, grazing and poaching to meet social needs. This study aims to determine the biophysical conditions of the HLGH area, the socio-economic conditions of the community, the social capital of the community, and the stakeholders involved in the management and to formulate strategies for managing the area using the principles of social forestry.
This research was conducted in the HLGH area of North Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province during the period 2021 – 2022. This research was carried out using a quantitative and descriptive qualitative approach. The parameters measured in this study were the biophysical conditions of the protected forest including slope, soil, climate, topography and changes in land cover, socioeconomic conditions; income, expenditure, income gap, basic needs (food, firewood, carpentry wood), community perceptions, community attitudes, and community motivation in managing HLGH, social capital and stakeholders involved in forest management.
The results showed that the HLGH area has slopes from flat to very steep, volcanic rock types (Holocene, tombs, tuff, Bacan formations) and sediments, climate types A and B (according to Schmid and Ferguson), rainfall 1500-2500mm/ yr, entisol, andosol and regosol soil types. Changes in land cover due to anthropogenic disturbances in the form of forest encroachment, shifting cultivation, illegal logging, grazing and hunting of wild animals. The socio-economic conditions of the average community still live below the poverty line with a low level of income inequality. The community's basic needs in the form of firewood and carpentry come from gardens and protected forests, while the community's food needs experience a deficit. Community perceptions and attitudes are in the moderate category, community participation is still relatively low. The local wisdom of the community supports forest management efforts with the entrenched values of cooperation, both "babari" and "hirono". Community social capital consisting of elements of trust, social networks and norms is in the medium category so that people are easily invited to work together. The results of the analysis of stakeholders show that stakeholders who act as key players are Forest Management Units (KPH) and Watershed Management Centers (BPDAS), while stakeholder relations are still limited to coordination and communication. Based on the SWOT and QSPM analysis, it shows that there are 6 priority strategies that can be carried out for the development of HLGH management, namely community participation in forest management, collaboration between central and local governments, training and community assistance on agroforestry, developing HLGH as a tourist destination, stakeholder cooperation in rehabilitating forests that have experienced damage, opening opportunities for small and medium enterprises in managing non-timber forest products and environmental services.
Kata Kunci : pengelolaan, hutan lindung, kehutanan sosial;management, protected forest, social forestry