Angka Kejadian Alergi pada Anak Sekolah Dasar di Kota Yogyakarta

Ahmad Nuha Raihan, Muhammad Novrizal Abdi Sahid, S.Farm., M.Eng., Ph.D., Apt.

2023 | Skripsi | FARMASI

Alergi atau reaksi hipersensitivitas adalah salah satu masalah kesehatan yang patut diwaspadai karena dapat menimbulkan efek yang merugikan pada masyarakat. Angka kejadian alergi yang semakin meningkat menjadi masalah kesehatan yang patut diwaspadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian alergi, faktor risiko, dan alergen pada anak sekolah dasar di Kota Yogyakarta 

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional dengan pendekatan potong silang (cross-sectional). Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa sekolah dasar berusia 7-12 tahun. Sampel diperoleh dengan memberikan kuesioner melalui Google Form kepada responden, yaitu orang tua atau wali siswa dari 9 sekolah dasar terpilih di Kota Yogyakarta. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif dan menghubungkan antar variabel faktor risiko usia, jenis kelamin, riwayat alergi keluarga, dan riwayat kejadian alergi dengan chi square. 

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 42 (30,00%) subjek siswa sekolah dasar di Kota Yogyakarta menderita alergi. Jenis alergi yang paling sering dijumpai adalah alergi debu sebanyak 20 (14,29%), diikuti oleh alergi makanan sebanyak 16 (11,43%) dan alergi suhu dingin sebanyak 14 (10,71%). Alergen makanan yang paling sering dijumpai adalah alergi seafood sebanyak 10 (7,14%). Subjek laki-laki yang menderita alergi sedikit lebih banyak dibandingkan perempuan (15,71% vs 14,29%). Subjek yang memiliki alergi dan keluarga intinya memiliki riwayat alergi sebanyak 31 (52,54%) anak. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara riwayat KIPI subjek dengan riwayat alergi subjek.

Allergy or hypersensitivity reactions are one of the health problems that should be taken seriously as they can cause detrimental effects on society. The increasing prevalence of allergies has become a health issue that needs to be monitored. This study aims to determine the prevalence of allergies, risk factors, and allergens among elementary school children in Yogyakarta City.

The study utilized an observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects of the study were elementary school students aged 7-12 years. The sample was obtained by distributing questionnaires through Google Form to the respondents, which were the parents or guardians of students from 9 selected elementary schools in Yogyakarta City. The obtained data were analyzed descriptively, and the relationship between the variables of age, gender, family history of allergies, and history of allergic episodes was assessed using chi-square.

The results of the study showed that out of 140 elementary school student subjects in Yogyakarta City, 42 students (30,00%) suffered from allergies. The most commonly encountered type of allergy was dust allergy, affecting 20 students (14,29%), followed by food allergies in 16 students (11,43%) and cold temperature allergies in 14 students (10,71%). The most frequently encountered food allergen was seafood, affecting 10 students (7,14%). Male subjects had slightly higher rates of allergies compared to females (15,71% vs. 14,29%). Among the subjects with allergies, 31 (22,14%) had a family history of allergies. There is no significancies between COVID-19 vaccine adverse effect and allergies.

Kata Kunci : Alergi pada anak, sekolah dasar, alergen, faktor risiko/Allergy on children, elementary Student, allergen, risk factors