Perlawanan Warga Terdampak terhadap Pengelola Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu Piyungan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Sakinah Anggun Estikawati, Prof. Dr. Suharko, S.Sos., M.Si

2023 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi

INTISARI

Isu mengenai sampah menjadi topik krusial untuk diperbincangkan, terutama terkait permasalahan sistem pengelolaan sampah yang terjadi di berbagai wilayah terutama Indonesia. Ancaman kerusakan lingkungan akibat sistem pengolahan sampah mendorong adanya gerakan lingkungan. Salah satu gerakan lingkungan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat sipil yakni perlawanan untuk menuntaskan permasalahan di berbagai TPA. Seperti permasalahan berkepanjangan di TPST Piyungan yang mendorong adanya aksi perlawanan. 

Penelitian ini menggali tentang dampak lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi yang mendorong terjadinya perlawanan warga terdampak terhadap pengelola TPST Piyungan. Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari serangkaian riset lapangan di wilayah TPST Piyungan, khusunya Kalurahan Sitimulyo yang meliputi Dusun Ngablak dan Banyakan 1, 2, 3; serta Kalurahan Bawuran yang meliputi Dusun Sentulrejo dan Bawuran 1. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi literatur dengan menggunakan studi kasus intrinsik.

Data di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa (1) operasi TPST Piyungan memicu munculnya dampak lingkungan berupa pencemaran air, udara, dan tanah; dampak ekonomi berupa keuntungan dan kerugian materi bagi warga terdampak; serta dampak sosial berupa konflik antar warga terdampak, konflik warga terdampak dengan pemulung yang merupakan pendatang, dan kekhawatiran warga; (2) perlawanan warga terdampak terhadap pengelola TPST Piyungan terjadi sejak tahun 2012 hingga saat ini dengan isu tuntutan terkait dengan dampak sosial, kejelasan masa operasional, overload sampah, penolakan perluasan lahan sebelah barat utara, dan tuntutan terkait kompensasi dampak negatif. Warga terdampak melakukan perlawanan menggunakan strategi secara bertahap dengan runtutan awal melakukan pengaduan langsung, blokade jalan masuk, demonstrasi, hingga perlawanan di sosial media. Strategi perlawanan yang sering dilakukan oleh warga terdampak yakni taktik langsung dalam bentuk blokade jalan masuk TPST Piyungan; terdapat inovasi perlawanan di tahun 2012 yakni dengan melakukan perlawanan di sosial media yang dilakukan oleh Aliansi Banyakan Bergerak. Pola keterlibatan aktor yang dilakukan warga terdampak tergolong ke dalam gerakan lingkungan terorganisir atau suka rela serta gerakan publik. Keterlibatan aktor dalam perlawanan dari tahun ke tahun semakin banyak melibatkan pihak, baik itu warga terdampak langsung maupun keterlibatan dari organisasi masyarakat sipil. 

Kata Kunci: gerakan sosial, Tempat Pembuangan Akhir, perlawanan

ABSTRACK

The issue of waste is a crucial topic for discussion, especially related to problems with the waste management system that occur in various regions, especially Indonesia. The threat of environmental damage due to the waste management system has prompted an environmental movement. One of the environmental movements carried out by civil society is the resistance to solve problems in various landfills. Such as the prolonged problems at the Piyungan TPST which prompted resistance.

This research explores the environmental, social and economic impacts that encourage resistance from affected residents against the Piyungan TPST manager. Data in this study were taken from a series of field research in the Piyungan TPST area, especially the Sitimulyo Village which includes Ngablak; Banyakan 1, 2, 3; as well as the Bawuran Urban Village which includes Sentulrejo and Bawuran 1. The field research was conducted through in-depth interviews, observations, and literature studies using intrinsic case studies.

Field data shows that (1) the operation of the Piyungan TPST triggers environmental impacts in the form of water, air and soil pollution; economic impacts in the form of material gains and losses for affected residents; as well as social impacts in the form of conflicts between affected residents, conflicts between affected residents and scavengers who are migrants, and residents' concerns; (2) resistance from affected residents against the Piyungan TPST manager has occurred since 2012 until now with issues of demands related to social impacts, clarity of operational period, waste overload, refusal to expand land to the north west, and demands regarding compensation for negative impacts. Affected residents put up resistance using a gradual strategy with the initial sequence of making direct complaints, blocking entrances, demonstrations, and resistance on social media. The strategy of resistance that is often carried out by affected residents is a direct tactic in the form of blocking the entrance to the Piyungan TPST; there was an innovation of resistance in 2012, namely by carrying out resistance on social media carried out by the Most Mobile Alliance. The pattern of actor involvement by affected residents is classified into organized or voluntary environmental movements and public movements. The involvement of actors in resistance from year to year involves more and more parties, both directly affected residents and involvement from civil society organizations.

Keywords: social movements, landfills or TPA, resistance

Kata Kunci : Kata Kunci, gerakan sosial, Tempat Pembuangan Akhir, perlawanan