Pronomina dan acuan persona dalam Bahasa Minangkabau standar :: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

MUNIFATULLAH, Feni, Mulyana, MA

2003 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh nilai sosial masyarakat Minang terhadap pilihan pemakaian pronomina oersona dan acuan persona dalam bahasa Minang. Data dikumpulkan dari penutur asli bahasa Minang dari umur 8-60 tahun. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan melakukan wawancara atau melibatkan diri dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Selain itu data tertulis juga diambil dari kolom berbahasa Minang di suratkabar dan dari karya sastra tertulis dalam bahasa Minang. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode padan referensial dan pada pragmatis. Variabel sosial yang dipakai adalah umur, gender, pekrjaan dan tingkat pendidikan. Variabel fungsional dibagi menjadi :hubungan antar penutur, tingkat keformalan, genre, topik dan jalur pembicaraan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa usia dan hubungan antar penutur merupakan faktor yang paling kuat pengaruhnya. Sementara faktor yang paling tidak berpengaruh adalah topik pembicaraan dan jalur pembicaraan. Tingkat pendidikan hanya mempengaruhi penggunaan pronomina dan acuan persona kedua saja. Selain itu pada pronomina aden, waang, dan wakau terdapat perubahan pemakaian yaitu para pemakainya dianggap “kampungan” atau tidak punya etika. Temuan lainnya adalah masuknya pinjaman “gua” dan “lu” dari komunitas keturunan Tionghoa di Padang.

The study is observing how social values influence the use of personal pronouns in bahasa Minang. Data are collected from native speakers of bahasa Minang, from the age of 8 up to 60 years. The study is conducted by interviewing the native speakers of bahasa Minang as well as involving in their daily conversation. Other sources of data i.e. written forms such as articles, jokes, anecdotes are taken from the newspaper published by West Sumatra publications. The data are analyzed by using parallelizing method. The method is divided into two. The first method is using the “referent” i.e. the person that is referred in the conversation as the determiner. The second method is using the addressee as the determiner. There are eight variables as the points of view, i.e. age, gender, job, level of education, as social variables, and relationship among the speakers, the setting and scene, topics of discussion, channel, and genre as functional variables. The first functional variable, relationship among the participants, is based on Tu-Vous principles while the setting and situation determine the level of formality occurring in the conversation, topic of conversation, channel of conversation, and genre. The result shows that age and relationship among the speakers are the most influencing factors. These two factors decide that only the old group among themselves uses several personal pronouns and others are used to the younger speakers while the level of power and solidarity separate the personal pronouns into Tu group and Vous group. At the next lower level are setting and scene. Most of personal pronouns are in casual level, only two are categorized into consultative level, and a single pronoun for formal (sayo) and frozen (denai). The factors which are proved has the lowest influences at all personal pronouns are topics of discussion and channel and level of education. Other important findings are 1) the stigma to the personal pronouns aden, waang, and wakau, which originally neutral in other dialects of bahasa Minang, but they are regarded as “rude” and “uncivilized” in standard Minang 2) the borrowing of gua and lu from Chinese living in Padang and their merging in conversation in bahasa Minang, 3) Lost of deixis by using nickname as one of terms that is also used as personal pronoun. The lost is caused by the replacement of personal pronoun with kinship terms.

Kata Kunci : Bahasa Minangkabau,Sosio Linguistik, Personal pronouns, social variables, functional variables.