Aplikasi Bakteriofag untuk Pengendalian Infeksi Vibrio harveyi pada Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931)

KUNTHI JIHAN F, Indah Istiqomah, S.Pi., M.Si., Ph.D.

2023 | Skripsi | S1 AKUAKULTUR

Penelitian dilakukan dengan menguji produk Bacteriophage Plus yang diproduksi oleh CTCBIO INC. dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan bakteriofag dalam menghambat V. harveyi secara in vitro dan in vivo. Selain itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dosis aplikasi bakteriofag yang tepat untuk mengendalikan infeksi V. harveyi pada budidaya udang (Litopenaeus vannamei). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Akuakultur dan Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Ikan, Departemen Perikanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada pada November 2022 - Maret 2023. Data diperoleh dengan menguji isolat V. harveyi BT1H dengan produk secara in vitro dan in vivo. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa V. harveyi BT1H infektif terhadap fag dan mampu menekan bakteri patogen yang ditunjukkan dengan terbentuk plak pada medium double layer agar. Fag juga menunjukkan senstifitas pada jenis bakteri patogen lain yaitu V. parahaemolyticus BKIPM. Kandungan bakteriofag penghambat V. harveyi dalam produk adalah sebanyak 1,03 x 105 PFU/gram, sementara jika dilakukan enrinchment pada medium selama 24 jam menghasilkan 5,44 x 105 PFU/gram. Jumlah total Vibrio di air dan di hepatopankreas udang dapat menurun secara signifikan ketika ditambahkan bakteriofag dosis tinggi (0,5 mg/mL) dengan efektivitas terbaik ditunjukkan pada 72 jam perlakuan. Kematian pada udang diawali dengan udang bergejala seperti kemerahan pada perioploda, pleupoda, telson, uropod dan saluran pencernaan kosong. Udang yang dipelihara selama 7 hari dengan penambahan dosis tinggi menujukkan jumlah udang bergejala terendah dengan rerata 27%, sedangkan jumlah udang bergejala terbanyak ditunjukkan dengan perlakuan kontrol dengan rerata 70%. Jumlah udang bergejala berbanding lurus dengan jumlah kematian udang. Penambahan bakteriofag dosis tinggi pada media budidaya juga dapat menekan angka kematian pada udang hingga 16,67% dibanding kontrol selama 7 hari pemeliharaan. Berdasarkan data tersebut disimpulkan bahwa produk Bacteriophage Plus dosis tinggi (0,5 mg/mL) efektif untuk mencegah infeksi V. harveyi secara in vitro dan in vivo pada budidaya udang vaname.

The research was conducted by testing the Bacteriophage Plus product produced by CTCBIO INC. to determine the bacteriophage's ability to inhibit V. harveyi in vitro and in vivo. In addition, this study aimeds to determine the appropriate dose of bacteriophage application to control V. harveyi infection in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. The research was conducted at the Aquaculture Laboratory and Fish Pests and Diseases Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, Gadjah Mada University from November 2022 - March 2023. Data were obtained by testing V. harveyi BT1H isolate with the product in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that V. harveyi BT1H was infectiv to phages and was able to suppress pathogenic bacteria as indicated by the formation of plaque on a double-layer agar medium. Phages also showed infecitivity to other types of pathogenic bacteria V. parahaemolyticus BKIPM. The content of V. harveyi bacteriophage in the product was 1.03 x 105 PFU/gram, when it were enriched in the medium for 24 hours it produced 5.44 x 105 PFU/gram. The total amount of Vibrio in water and the shrimp hepatopancreas can be significantly decreased when high doses of bacteriophage (0.5 mg/mL) were added with the best effectiveness shown at 72 hours of treatment. The clinical signs of V. harveyi infection were redness of the pereiopods, pleopods, telson, uropod, and empty digestive tract. Shrimp reared for 7 days with the addition of high doses showed the lowest number of symptomatic shrimp with an average of 27%, while the highest number of symptomatic shrimp was demonstrated by the control treatment with an average of 70%. The number of symptomatic shrimp was directly proportional to the number of shrimp deaths. The addition of high doses of bacteriophages to the culture media can also reduce the mortality rate in shrimp by up to 16.67% compared to the control during 7 days of rearing. Based on these data it was concluded that the high-dose Bacteriophage Plus product (0.5 mg/mL) is effective in preventing V. harveyi infection in vitro and in vivo in vannamei shrimp culture.

Kata Kunci : Bakteriofag, V. harveyi, karakteristik, udang vaname, total vibrio, gejala klinis, kematian