Kajian Sebaran Pencemaran Logam Cd dan Pb pada Tanah Pertanian, Kecamatan Piyungan, Kabupaten Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

NINDHITA ROSIANA, Taufik Abdillah Natsir, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D.

2023 | Skripsi | S1 KIMIA

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang sebaran pencemaran logam berat Cd dan Pb di tanah pertanian tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.), Kecamatan Piyungan,Kabupaten Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari sifat fisika-kimia terhadap akumulasi logam Cd dan Pb di tanah, mempelajari sumber logam Pb dan Cd, serta penilaian dampak logam Cd dan Pb bagi manusia dan ekologi. Penelitian diawali dengan pengambilan sampel tanah dan air, yaitu pada bulan September dan November 2022, serta pengambilan sampel tanaman pada bulan Desember 2022 saat masa panen tiba. Tanah dianalisis dengan beberapa parameter, yaitu penentuan tekstur tanah, kadar air, pH (H2O dan KCl), kapasitas tukar kation (KTK), karbon organik, kation yang dapat ditukar (K, Na, Ca, Mg), kandungan Cd dan Pb total, kandungan Cd dan Pb terlarut, penentuan gugus fungsional pada tanah, serta penentuan mineral tanah. Sampel tanaman dilakukan analisis Cd dan Pb total pada bagian buah padi dan batangnya. Selain itu, juga dilakukan analisis kandungan logam Cd dan Pb total pada air sungai dan pupuk yang digunakan oleh para petani untuk menentukan sumber Cd dan Pb di lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lokasi penelitian memiliki pH tanah, KTK, kation yang dapat ditukar (K, Na, Ca, Mg) sangat tinggi, C-organik sedang, dan tekstur tanah didominasi clay sehingga logam Cd dan Pb sedikit yang berada dalam bentuk terlarutnya. Kondisi lokasi penelitian memiliki nilai indeks beban polusi yang tinggi sampai sangat tinggi. Namun, potensi risiko ekologis tergolong rendah hingga sedang. Sumber pencemar logam Cd dan Pb di lokasi penelitian diperkirakan berasal dari aktivitas manusia, seperti air sungai serta penggunaan pupuk anorganik yang mengandung Cd dan Pb.Kandungan logam Pb di biji padi sudah terdeteksi meskipun dalam konsentrasi yang kecil, sedangkan logam Cd di biji padi tidak terdeteksi.

The determination of heavy metals Cd and Pb have been carried out in agricultural soil of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), Piyungan District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The aims of this research were to study the physicochemical properties of the accumulation of Cd and Pb metals in the soil, to study the source of the Cd and Pb on the agricultural, as well as to assess the impact of Cd and Pb metals on humans and the ecology. The research was began by sampling soil and water samples, in September and November 2022, as well as sampling plant samples in Desember 2022 when the harvest season arrives. Soil was analyzed with several parameters, namely determination of soil texture, water content, pH (H2O and KCl), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon, exchangeable cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg), total Cd and Pb content, dissolved Cd and Pb, determination of functional groups in the soil, and determination of soil minerals. Plant samples were analyzed for total Cd and Pb on rice and its steam. In addition, an analysis of total Cd and Pb content in river water and fertilizer used by farmers was also carried out to determine the source of Cd and Pb at the study site. The results showed that the research location had very high soil pH, CEC, exchangeable cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg), moderate organic C, and clay-dominated soil texture so that little Cd and Pb metals were in dissolved form. The condition of the research location has a high to very high pollution load index value. However, the potential ecological risk is low to moderate. The sources of Cd and Pb pollution at the study site are thought from human activities, such as river water and the used of inorganic fertilizers containing Cd and Pb. The content of Pb metal has accumulated in rice seeds even in small concentrations, meanwhile Cd metal has not accumulated in rice plants.

Kata Kunci : cadmium, lead, rice, river water, soil