Penyusunan Model Implementasi Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) dalam Menanggulangi Kemiskinan: Belajar dari Kasus Pandemi Covid-19 di Kapanewon Minggir, Kabupaten Sleman

UMI SHOLIKHAH, Alia Fajarwati S.Si., M.IDEA.

2023 | Skripsi | S1 PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH

Kemiskinan merupakan salah satu permasalahan pembangunan utama yang sifatnya kompleks dan universinal, khususnya di negara-negara berkembang, tak terkecuali Indonesia. Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) hadir sebagai salah satu program bantuan sosial dari Kementerian Sosial RI dengan sistem Bantuan Tunai Bersyarat (BTB) yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan taraf hidup Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) melalui akses layanan pendidikan, kesehatan, dan kesejahteraan sosial. PKH yang sudah berlangsung sejak tahun 2007 membutuhkan peninjauan ulang dalam implementasi dan dampak yang ditimbulkan, terlebih di masa pandemi Covid-19. Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) yang ditetapkan pemerintah semasa pandemi Covid-19 berpengaruh terhadap implementasi PKH di Kapanewon Minggir. Temuan perbedaan tahapan implementasi sebelum dan saat pandemi Covid-19 pada observasi awal berupa beralihnya metode pendampingan bulanan dari luring ke daring menjadi salah satu latar belakang dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan implementasi PKH sebelum dan saat pandemi Covid-19, mengidentifikasi permasalahan pada implementasi PKH sebelum dan saat pandemi Covid-19, menemukenali dampak PKH terhadap kondisi kemiskinan sebelum dan saat pandemi Covid-19, serta menyusun model implementasi PKH sebagai lesson learnt dari kasus pandemi Covid-19 di Kapanewon Minggir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam (indepth interview), observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, (1) terdapat perbedaan implementasi tahapan PKH sebelum dan saat pandemi Covid-19; (2) terdapat permasalahan baru dari implementasi tahapan PKH yang muncul saat pandemi Covid-19; (3) PKH telah memberikan dampak baik (positif) terhadap kondisi kesejahteraan KPM dalam aspek kesehatan, pendidikan, kesejahteraan ekonomi, dan keseteraan gender dalam keluarga; (4) usulan model implementasi Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) sebagai lesson learnt dari kasus pandemi Covid-19 di Kapanewon Minggir.

Poverty is one of the main development problems that are complex and universal, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) is present as one of the social assistance programs from the Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs with a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) system which is expected to be able to improve the standard of living of Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) through access to education, health, and social welfare services. PKH, which has been going on since 2007, requires a review of its implementation and impact, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. The implementation of community activity restrictions (regional lockdown) set by the government during the Covid-19 pandemic affected the implementation of PKH in Kapanewon Minggir. The findings of differences in the implementation stages especially in the monthly mentoring method before and during the Covid-19 pandemic became one of the backgrounds in this research. The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of PKH before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, identify problems with the implementation of PKH before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, identify the impact of PKH on poverty conditions before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, and develop a model for implementing the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) as a lesson learned from the Covid-19 pandemic case in Kapanewon Minggir. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The results showed that, (1) there were differences in the implementation of PKH stages before and during the Covid-19 pandemic; (2) there are new problems with the implementation of the PKH stages that arose during the Covid-19 pandemic; (3) PKH has had a good impact on the welfare conditions of KPM in the aspects of health, education, economic welfare, and gender equality in the family; (4) the implementation model of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) as a lesson learned from the Covid-19 pandemic case in Kapanewon Minggir.

Kata Kunci : PKH, implementasi, dampak, pandemi, kesejahteraan