Analisis Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Permodalan Bank di Indonesia

M GHILMAN OEMAR, Kusdhianto Setiawan Sivilekonom., Ph.D.

2023 | Tesis | MAGISTER MANAJEMEN (KAMPUS JAKARTA)

Saat pertumbuhan perusahaan semakin besar, kebutuhan modal yang diperlukan agar dapat menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan juga akan semakin meningkat. Diskursus mengenai struktur modal ini dimulai sejak lama dan hingga saat ini tetap menjadi perdebatan. Beberapa penelitian yang mencuat mengenai upaya pembahasan teori struktur modal lebih lanjut di antaranya ada teori signaling, dan teori pecking order. Bank menjadi objek yang menarik yang diteliti, karena karakteristik dan regulasi yang mempengaruhinya bisa sangat berbeda daripada perusahaan lain. Akibat pembatasan aktivitas selama masa pandemi COVID-19, bank harus menyesuaikan diri dengan berbagai perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi selama masa pandemi seperti dalam kinerja keuangan, risiko yang ditanggung, serta kewajiban untuk memenuhi persyaratan regulasi. Penelitian ini menguji apakah perbankan mengalami penurunan permodalan dan kinerja keuangan lain selama pandemi dan apakah penurunan kinerja ini memiliki dampak pada kenaikan modal. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 37 emiten perusahaan perbankan yang terdafar di BEI selama 2018-2021. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah uji beda dan regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan: (1) Selama pandemi, terjadi penurunan kinerja permodalan terlihat dari penurunan nilai CAR. ROA yang mewakili rentabilitas bank dan LDR yang mewakiliki likuiditas bank, selama masa pandemi Covid-19, mengalami penurunan kinerja. BOPO, NPL Gross, dan NII saat pandemi mengalami peningkatan rasio dibandingkan sebelum pandemi yang mengindikasikan peningkatan kinerja diversifikasi, penurunan kinerja efisiensi, serta peningkatan risiko kredit bermasalah (2).Kenaikan Permodalan dipengaruhi positif secara signifikan oleh ROA, LDR, Rasio NII, dan BOPO sedangkan NPL Gross tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kenaikan modal.

As a company's growth increases, the need for capital to match the needs also increases. The discourse on capital structure has been ongoing for a long time and remains a debate to this day. Some studies that have emerged on attempts to further discuss the theory of capital structure include signaling theory, and pecking order theory. Banks are an interesting object to study because their characteristics and regulations can be very different from other companies. Due to restrictions on activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, banks had to adapt to various changes that occurred during the pandemic such as financial performance, risks, and obligations to meet regulatory requirements. This research examines whether banking experiences a decline in financial performance during the pandemic and whether this decline has an impact on capital increase. The research sample consists of 37 banks listed on the IDX during 2018-2021. The analysis tool used is paired sample mean difference and regression. The research results show: (1) During the pandemic, there was a decline in capital performance as seen from a decrease in the CAR value. ROA which represents bank profitability and LDR which represents bank liquidity, during the Covid-19 pandemic, experienced a decline in performance. BOPO, Gross NPL, and NII during the pandemic experienced an increase in ratios compared to before the pandemic, which indicated an increase in diversification performance, a decrease in efficiency performance, and an increase in the risk of non-performing loans (2). The increase in capital is significantly positively affected by ROA, LDR, NII ratio, and BOPO while Gross NPL has no significant effect on capital increase.

Kata Kunci : CAR, ROA, NPL Gross, LDR, BOPO, NII Ratio