DYNAMIC OF ACTOR RELATION IN INSTITUTIONS INTEGRATED LAW ENFORCEMENT CENTER (GAKKUMDU) IN CENTRA SULAWESI PROVINCE

NUR AZIZAH RAJA, Dr. Amalinda Savirani, S.IP., M.A.

2022 | Tesis | MAGISTER POLITIK DAN PEMERINTAHAN

Tesis ini mengkaji dinamika relasi antar aktor dalam kolaborasi kelembagaan Sentra Penegakan Hukum Terpadu (Gakkumdu) Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori kelembagaan institusionalisme baru, khususnya organizational institutionalism untuk memahami kompleksitas kelembagaan Sentra Gakkumdu dan logika institusional (institutional logics) di dalamnya. Sentra Gakkumdu merupakan lembaga yang dibentuk sebagai wujud upaya penegakan hukum tindak pidana Pemilu dan Pilkada yang terintegrasi antar lembaga (Bawaslu, Kepolisian, dan Kejaksaan) memiliki kelemahan mendasar, salah satunya persoalan perbedaan persepsi antar unsur di dalamnya. Perbedaan persepsi dalam tubuh Sentra Gakkumdu tidak terlepas dari dinamika relasi kuasa antar aktor dalam kelembagaannya. Penelitian ini pun berupaya untuk melengkapi kurangnya studi yang membahas Sentra Gakkumdu secara kelembagaan dari perspektif teori sosial- politik. Permasalahan dalam tubuh Sentra Gakkumdu bukan hanya persoalan hukum, namun juga masalah politik dan kekuasaan. Dalam mengkaji permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini berfokus dinamika relasi kuasa antar aktor Sentra Gakkumdu, dengan dua pertanyaan penelitian yaitu: (1) bagaimana aktor-aktor yang berasal dari lembaga dengan karakteristik institusi berbeda saling berkolaborasi dan mengelola perbedaan dalam proses penanganan pelanggaran tindak pidana Pemilu dan Pilkada di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah?; dan (2) bagaimana pengaruh perbedaan karakteristik antara ketiga lembaga tersebut terhadap keberhasilan proses penanganan pelanggaran tindak pidana Pemilu dan Pilkada di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, dengan mengumpulkan data primer dan sekunder melalui observasi, wawancara, studi kepustakaan, dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan analisis data hasil penelitian, tesis ini menyimpulkan beberapa temuan sebagai berikut: (1) Pengaturan kolaborasi antara dua atau lebih lembaga dengan karakteristik institusional berbeda mengarahkan pada terjadinya persaingan logika institusional; (2) Terdapat tiga logika institusional berbeda yang kontradiktif dan mempengaruhi tindakan dan penilaian aktor Sentra Gakkumdu; (3) Relasi dan distribusi kekuasaan antar aktor dalam kelembagaan Sentra Gakkumdu tidak seimbang, aktor Kepolisian dan Kejaksaan memiliki tekanan normatif yang lebih dominan khususnya dalam pengambilan keputusan; dan (4) Proses penanganan pelanggaran tindak pidana dalam isu kepemiluan sangat khas (termasuk di Sentra Gakkumdu Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah), yakni ia dipengaruhi oleh politik hukum dan konstelasi politik lokal, berupa tekanan pihak eksternal baik dari peserta Pemilu maupun pihak lainnya. Hal ini kemudian memengaruhi pola kerja internal Sentra Gakkumdu.

This thesis examined the dynamics of relations between actors in the institutional collaboration of the Integrated Law Enforcement Centre (Sentra Gakkumdu) of Central Sulawesi Province. This research used the theory of new institutionalism, particularly organizational institutionalism to understand the institutional complexity of the Sentra Gakkumdu and its institutional logics. Sentra Gakkumdu is an institution formed as a form of law enforcement efforts for election and regional head election crimes that are integrated between institutions (Bawaslu, Police, and Prosecutors' Office) has a fundamental weakness, namely differences in perceptions between elements in it. Differences in perception within the Sentra Gakkumdu are inseparable from the dynamics of power relations between actors in the institution. This research also attempted to complement the lack of studies that discussed Sentra Gakkumdu institutionally from the perspective of socio-political theory. The problems within the Sentra Gakkumdu are not only legal issues, but also political and power issues. In examining these problems, this research focused on the dynamics of power relations between Sentra Gakkumdu actors, with two research questions, namely: (1) how do actors from institutions with different institutional characteristics collaborate with each other and manage differences in the process of handling criminal offences of elections and regional elections in Central Sulawesi Province?; and (2) how do the differences in characteristics between the three institutions affect the success of the process of handling criminal offences of elections and regional elections in Central Sulawesi Province? This research used qualitative research methods, by collecting primary and secondary data through observation, interviews, literature studies, and documentation. Based on data analysis of the research results, this thesis concluded several findings as follows: (1) Collaborative arrangements between two or more institutions with different institutional characteristics led to competing institutional logics; (2) There were three different institutional logics that were contradictory and influenced the actions and judgements of Sentra Gakkumdu actors; (3) The relationship and distribution of power between actors in the Sentra Gakkumdu institution was unbalanced, Police and Prosecutors' Office actors had more dominant normative pressure, especially in decision making; (4) The process of handling criminal offences in electoral issues was very distinctive (including in the Sentra Gakkumdu of Central Sulawesi Province), in that it was influenced by law politics and local political constellations, in the form of external pressure from both election participants and other parties. This affected the internal work patterns of the Sentra Gakkumdu.

Kata Kunci : Sentra Gakkumdu, dinamika relasi aktor, organizational institutionalism, logika institusional, distribusi kekuasaan