Analisis Morfologi dan Molekuler Leucocytozoon sp. dan Plasmodium sp. pada Ayam Ras Petelur di Yogyakarta

Esti Dhamayanti, Dr. drh. Dwi Priyowidodo, MP. ; Prof. Dr. drh. Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo

2023 | Tesis | MAGISTER SAINS VETERINER

Parasit darah pada ayam petelur, seperti Leucocytozoon sp. dan Plasmodium sp. dapat menimbulkan kerugian bagi peternak akibat penurunan produksi maupun kematian. Identifikasi Leucocytozoon sp. dan Plasmodium sp. pada ayam ras petelur Indonesia belum banyak dilakukan. Analisis secara morfologi dan molekuler dapat membantu untuk mengetahui spesies spesifik Leucocytozoon sp. dan Plasmodium sp. serta variasi genetik antar spesies. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis morfologi, analisis molekuler pada Leucocytozoon sp. dan Plasmodium sp., serta melihat korelasi umur, populasi, dan tipe kandang terhadap Leucocytozoonosis dan Plasmodiosis. Penelitian ini menggunakan 137 sampel darah ayam layer dari empat Kabupaten di Yogyakarta. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu apus darah dengan pewarnaan Giemsa dan nested PCR dengan target gen cytochrome b (cytb). Pemeriksaan apus darah menunjukan 18,97% sampel positif (26/137) dengan ditemukannya fase tropozoit, erythrocytic meront, dan mikrogametosit Plasmodium sp., serta fase merozoit, dan gametosit Leucocytozoon sp. Hasil PCR menunjukan 39,53% positif (34/86). Hasil sekuensing menunjukan jarak genetik yang sangat dekat (0-1%) dengan P. juxtanucleare. Terdapat perbedaan sekuens nukleotida dan sekuens protein pada dua sampel di Kulon Progo (WA 10, WA 24). Sampel Sleman (SL 7 N) menunjukan jarak genetik 0% dengan Leucocytozoon sp. Analisis chi-square menunjukan tidak adanya hubungan antara tipe kandang, umur, dan populasi terhadap Leucocytozoon dan Plasmodium (p>0,05).

Blood parasites in layer chickens, such as Leucocytozoon sp. and Plasmodium sp., lead to economic losses for farmers. Leucocytozoon sp. and Plasmodium sp. in layer chickens in Indonesia remain poorly identified. Morphological and molecular analyses could aid in determining the species of Leucocytozoon sp. and Plasmodium sp., as well as the genetic variation between species. The purpose of this study was to identify Leucocytozoon sp. and Plasmodium sp. from four districts of Yogyakarta, both morphologically and molecularly. This study also aimed to identify the correlation between the age, population and cage type of chickens and the occurrence of Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis. This study using 137 layer chickens blood samples from four districts in Yogyakarta. The methods used in this study were Giemsa staining and nested PCR of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Microscopic examination revealed that 18.97% of the samples (26/137) were infected with blood parasites. Trophozoites, erythrocytic meronts and microgametocytes of P. juxtanucleare as well as merozoite and gametocytes of Leucocytozoon sp. were found in the blood smear samples. PCR result revealed 39.53% samples were positive (34/86). Plasmodium juxtanucleare and Leucocytozoon sp. were identified in the sequenced samples. There was a low genetic distance between the sequenced samples and P. juxtanucleare (0-1%). Single mutation in nucleotide and protein sequences were found in Kulon Progo (WA 10, WA 24). Sample from Sleman (SL 7 N) showed 0% genetic distance to Leucocytozoon sp. There was no correlation between age, population and cage type of chickens to Leucocytozoon or Plasmodium infection (p>0,05) according to chi-square analysis.

Kata Kunci : Ayam, Leucocytozoon, Molekuler, PCR, Plasmodium