DIMENSI STRUKTURAL-KULTURAL KONFLIK SUNNI-SYIAH DI BANGIL: ANALISIS SEGITIGA KONFLIK GALTUNG

Sigit Cahyono, Prof. Dr. M. Mohtar Mas'oed, M.A.

2023 | Tesis | MAGISTER KETAHANAN NASIONAL

Tesis ini hendak membahas bagaimana kekerasan yang terjadi terhadap komunitas minoritas Syiah di Bangil karena latar belakang perbedaan identitas aliran agama Islam. Kelompok ASWAJA Bangil beraliran Sunni sedangkan YAPI (diduga) beraliran Syiah. Adanya perbedaan keyakinan/mazhab atau ideologi menyebabkan munculnya perspektif negatif terhadap YAPI yang (diduga) beraliran Syiah dan juga tindak agresif kelompok ASWAJA. Selanjutnya, rendahnya toleransi dari kelompok ASWAJA Bangil memotivasi terjadinya konflik terhadap minoritas Syiah YAPI. Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara Observasi dan wawancara langsung serta pemanfaatan data sekunder. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menemukan pada elemen kontradiksi terdapat relasi dimensi struktural (politik, ekonomi) dengan dimensi kultural seperti (identitas, ideologi atau keyakinan, sosial dan budaya) dalam konflik Sunni-Syiah yang terjadi pada kelompok ASWAJA dengan YAPI. Pada elemen sikap, adanya sikap negatif disebabkan tidak hanya karena faktor perbedaan aqidah/ mazhab tetapi juga karena faktor ekonomi salah satunya karena ditiadakannya Haul Habib Abdullah Sangeng di tahun 1980-an oleh Habib Husein Al Habsyi karena ada potensi pemanfaatan atau mengambil keuntungan dari sisi ekonomi hal ini yang menyebabkan perubahan kesempatan ekonomi yang dimiliki oleh elite-elite Sunni saat itu. Pada elemen perilaku, peneliti menemukan hal-hal yang menyebabkan pihak ASWAJA berperilaku negatif adalah ketika pihak YAPI mengadakan kegiatan yang menurut kelompok ASWAJA dianggap merupakan representasi ajaran Syiah, yang menurut mereka menyimpang dan bertentangan dengan kelompok ASWAJA, di mana kegiatan YAPI tersebut dilaksanakan di wilayah yang menjadi area dakwah kekuasaan kelompok ASWAJA. Dengan menggunakan analisis teori segitiga konflik Galtung penulis menemukan relasi dimensi-dimensi konflik pada elemen kontradiksi yang membentuk sikap negatif dalam menafsirkan konflik sehingga memunculkan perilaku negatif seperti tindak agresif berupa kekerasan langsung atau tidak langsung selain itu ada juga perilaku yang bersifat positif yang lahir dari sikap positif seperti kedua belah pihak bersedia untuk melakukan dialog dan mediasi serta negosiasi meskipun perilaku positif ini dilakukan ketika adanya intervensi pihak ketiga.

This thesis is about how the violence that occurred against the minority Shia community in Bangil was due to the background of different Islamic religious identities. The ASWAJA's Bangil is Sunni while YAPI (allegedly) is Shiite. The existence of differences in madhabs or ideologies has led to the emergence of a negative perspective towards YAPI which is (allegedly) Shiite as well as the aggressive actions of the ASWAJA's. Furthermore, the low tolerance of the ASWAJA's Bangil motivated the conflict against the YAPI Shiite minority. This thesis uses a qualitative descriptive research method with a phenomenological approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by direct observation and interviews as well as the utilization of secondary data. In this study, the authors found that the elements of contradiction contained a relationship between the structural dimensions (political, economic) and cultural dimensions such as (identity, ideology or belief, social and cultural) in the Sunni-Shia conflict that occurred in the ASWAJA's and YAPI. In the attitude element, the existence of a negative attitude is caused not only because of differences in aqeedah/school of thought but also because of economic factors, one of which is the elimination of Haul Habib Abdullah Sangeng in the 1980s by Habib Husein Al Habsyi because there was a potential for exploiting or taking advantage of the economic side of this which caused changes in the economic opportunities that were owned by the Sunni elites at that time. In the behavioral element, the researcher found things that caused ASWAJA to behave negatively, namely when YAPI held activities that according to the ASWAJA's were considered to represent Shia teachings, which according to them deviated and contradicted the ASWAJA's, where YAPI activities were carried out in areas where became the area of da'wah power of the ASWAJA's By using the analysis of the Galtung conflict triangle theory, the authors found a relationship between the dimensions of the conflict in the elements of contradiction that form a negative attitude in interpreting the conflict so that it gives rise to negative behavior such as aggressive acts in the form of direct or indirect violence, besides that there are also positive behaviors that are born from positive attitudes. as both parties are willing to carry out dialogue and mediation and negotiation even though this positive behavior is carried out when there is a third intervention.

Kata Kunci : ASWAJA Bangil, YAPI, mazhab, konflik, agresif, Sunni-Syiah, dimensi, struktural, kultural, kontradiksi, sikap, perilaku.