Ekstraksi pigmen dari biji annatta (Bixa orellana Linn) menggunakan pelarut organik :: Pengaruh polaritas pelarut dan suhu ekstraksi

PRANATA, Ardiyanto, Dr.Ir. Murdijati Gardjito, MS

2003 | Tesis | S2 Teknologi Hasil Perkebunan

Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan cara ekstraksi pigmen dari biji annatto guna membuat sediaan zat warna dalam bentuk serbuk serta mengetahui pengaruh polaritas pelarut dan suhu ekstraksi terhadap rendemen, total pigmen dan total biksin. Ekstraksi pigmen dilakukan dengan kloroform, aseton dan etanol pada suhu 30, 40 dan 50oC menggunakan biji annatto impor, biji annatto lokal yang dikeringkan dengan cabinet dryer (LCD) dan freeze dryer (LFD). Hasil ekstraksi yang telah dikeringkan dengan rotary vacuum evaporator dianalisa rendemen, total pigmen dan total biksinnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa polaritas pelarut dan suhu ekstraksi tidak berpengaruh terhadap rendemen biji impor. Sedangkan pada biji LCD dan LFD, makin tinggi suhu ekstraksi dan makin rendah polaritas pelarut maka rendemen makin meningkat. Pada ketiga jenis bahan percobaan, polaritas pelarut dan suhu ekstraksi berpengaruh pada total pigmen dan total biksin. Pada polaritas pelarut yang sama, makin tinggi suhu ekstraksi, makin banyak rendemen yang diperoleh, sedangkan pada total pigmen dan total biksin, makin tinggi suhu ekstraksi tidak selalu meningkatkan total pigmen dan total biksin, tergantung polaritas pelarut dan asal biji annatto. Pada suhu ekstraksi yang sama, makin polar pelarutnya makin sedikit total pigmen dan total biksin. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelarut organik yang terbaik adalah kloroform. Untuk membuat sediaan serbuk zat warna dengan rendemen tertinggi (14,22 %) menggunakan biji annatto impor pada suhu ekstraksi 50oC. Sedangkan untuk memperoleh total pigmen dan total biksin tertinggi (4,35 g/100 g; 2,49 g/100 g) menggunakan biji annatto lokal FD pada suhu ekstraksi 30oC namun rendemennya paling rendah (7,05 %). Pada penerapan disarankan cara ekstraksi pigmen biji annatto untuk membuat sediaan serbuk zat warna menggunakan biji annatto lokal yang dikeringkan dengan cabinet dryer, pelarut etanol pada suhu ekstraksi 50oC.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of solvent polarity and extraction temperature on the yield as well as total pigment collected and the total extracted bixin from Annatto seed. Chloroform, Aceton and Ethanol were used to extract pigment from annatto seed at temperature of 30oC, 40oC, and 50oC. The local seed which have been dried by cabinet dryer (LCD) and freeze dryer (LFD) and untreated imported annatto seed were used in this study. The extracts were evaporated with rotary vacuum evaporator in order to remove the solvent; followed by determination of yield, total pigment and total bixin. It was found that no significant effect at variation in solvent and temperature on the yield of imported annatto seed. However, on LCD seed and LFD seed, the yield increased as temperature rised and solvent polarity reduced. The type of solvent and temperature variation, were found to affect the total pigment and total bixin of the extract. Using the same solvent, it was observed that the higher extraction temperature the more the yield obtained. However, total pigment and total bixin were not affected by the rising temperature but were affected by the solvent and the type of annatto seed (local or import). At the same temperature, as the solvent polarity increases, the less total pigment and total bixin recovered. It was found in this experiment, that the best organic solvent is chloroform giving the greatest yield (14,22%) from imported annatto seed at 50oC extraction. The highest recovered total pigment (4,53%) was obtained from freeze-dried local annatto seed at 30oC extraction. And the highest acquired total bixin (2,49%) was obtained from freeze-dried local annatto seed after extraction at 30oC. Thus, extractio n of freeze-dried local Annatto seed obtained the highest recovered total pigment and total bixin, although have the lowest yield.

Kata Kunci : Pengelolaan Hasil Perkebunan,Ekstraksi Pigmen,Biji Annatto, Annatto (Bixa orellana), extraction, yield, total pigment, total bixin