Kebijakan Sinicization Pemerintah Cina Era Presiden Xi Jinping: Motif dan Dampaknya terhadap Masyarakat Etnis Uyghur di Xinjiang

TRISNI SALSA R, Dr. Dafri, M.A.

2022 | Tesis | MAGISTER ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

Tesis ini menganalisa motif dan dampak kebijakan domestik Cina yakni sinicization yang berlangsung di era Presiden Xi Jinping terhadap masyarakat etnis Uyghur di Xinjiang. Sejak memimpin Cina, Presiden Xi mengampanyekan Chinese Dream dengan tema utamanya mencapai kebangkitan nasional yang besar. Sama seperti dulu, skema pembangunan ini mengedepankan stabilitas yang dimaknai sebagai masyarakat yang harmonis. Tidak hanya demi kebaikan pembangunan, sinicization kontemporer mendorong penerapan ideologi yang ditegakkan Partai Komunis, yang menekankan nasionalisme mutlak di atas kepentingan lain. Oleh karena Cina terdiri dari masyarakat multi-etnis, kebijakan sinicization justru berdampak terhadap hak asasi masyarakat etnis minoritas, terutama Uyghur. Bagi pemerintah, agresivitas dilandasi pengalaman negara dalam mengelola kelompok tersebut di masa lalu. Eksistensi Uyghur yang secara fisik sudah berbeda dengan masyarakat mayoritas, yakni Han, kini kian dipersulit dengan pembatasan hak-hak mereka dalam menjalankan kegiatan keagamaan. Penerapan kebijakan sinicization menimbulkan kontradiksi lantaran pengakuan pemerintah akan keragaman masyarakatnya justru tidak sejalan dengan realita yang terjadi. Pengabaian hak asasi manusia sebagaimana yang diamati dalam tesis ini menarik untuk diteliti mempertimbangkan transformasi model pemerintahan Presiden Xi yang pro-aktif dan interpretasi negara terkait kebebasan beragama yang ambigu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari sumber yang kredibel seperti buku, jurnal, artikel, dan situs internet yang objektif, untuk mengetahui dinamika kebijakan sinicization yang sarat akan perdebatan di kalangan aktor internasional.

This thesis analyzes the motives and impacts of China's domestic policy called sinicization that took place in the era of President Xi Jinping towards the Uyghur ethnic community in Xinjiang. Since taking charge governing China, President Xi has campaigned for the Chinese Dream with its main theme of achieve a great national revival. Just like the past, this current development scheme prioritize stability, in which is defined as a 'harmonious society'. Not only for the sake of development, the contemporary encourages the adoption of ideology upheld by the Communist Party, which emphasizes absolute nationalism over other interests. Since China itself consists of a multiethnic society, the sinicization policy does impacting the human rights of ethnic minority communities, especially the Uyghur group. For the government, aggressiveness is based on the past experience of the state in managing these group in terms of economic, security, and social tension. The existence of Uyghur, who are physically different from the majority group, namely the Han, is now increasingly complicated by restrictions to carry out their religious activites. The implementation of the current sinicization policy represent contradiction because country's recognition of the diversity of its people is not in line with the reality happening. The neglect of human rights as analyzed in this thesis is interesting to study considering the transformation of President Xi's pro-active government model and the ambiguous state's interpretation of religious freedom. This study uses data from credible sources such as objective books, journals, articles, and internet sites to find out the dynamics of sinicization policy that are full of debate among international actors.

Kata Kunci : Sinicization, Xi Jinping, Stabilitas, Kelompok Uyghur, Chinese Dream