Challenges to the Protection of Refugee Rights in Indonesia: Analysis on the Securitization of Refugees and NGO Activity in Advocating Refugee Rights

BONANG TITIAN R, Muhammad Rum, S.I.P., I.M.A.S

2022 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

Situasi pengungsi yang berlarut-larut semakin dilihat sebagai sumber insecurity bagi pemerintah. Akibatnya, ada kecenderungan untuk securitize pengungsi dan membenarkan tindakan-tindakan yang membatasi hak-hak pengungsi, seperti pembatasan kebebasan bergerak, pengetatan keamanan perbatasan, surveillance yang berlebihan, dan seterusnya. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengungsi di Indonesia terus disekuritisasi, dan digambarkan sebagai imigran ilegall--baik dari pemerintah melalui berbagai undang-undang, peraturan, dan praktik nasional, maupun media melalui pemberitaan negatif tentang pengungsi--yang memungkinkan tindakan keamanan seperti detention dan penalization. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa NGO terus mengadvokasikan hak-hak pengungsi dan aktivitas NGO dalam perlindungan hak-hak pengungsi tetap esensial. NGO terus terlibat dalam berbagai tingkat tata kelola pengungsi, seperti dalam perlindungan dasar, pada tingkat pembuatan kebijakan, dan dalam pemantauan pelaksanaan, yang sejauh ini meningkatkan recognition bahwa hak-hak pengungsi merupakan juga hak asasi manusia dan meningkatnya kemauan dari masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam perlindungan hak-hak pengungsi. Untuk penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya, tentu sangat penting untuk menganalisis lebih lanjut peran NGO dalam menegakkan dan menekan negara untuk mempraktikkan tata kelola pengungsi yang memadai, serta menganalisis perkembangan tata kelola pengungsi yang semakin positif seperti yang telah ditunjukkan oleh beberapa pemerintah daerah di Indonesia.

The protracted refugee situation has increasingly been seen as a source of insecurity for many governments. As a consequence, there is a tendency to securitize refugees and justify extraordinary measures that restrict refugees from their rights, such as restricting freedom of movement, tightening border security controls, over-surveillance, and so forth. The findings in this research demonstrate that refugees in Indonesia have continued to be securitized, incriminated, and presented as illegal immigrants--both from the government through various national laws, regulations, and practices, as well as the media through negative coverage of refugees--allowing security measures such as penalization and detention. This research also finds that NGO activity in the protection of refugee rights have continued to be essential. NGOs have continued to advocate for refugee rights and to engage in many levels of refugee governance, such as in grassroots protection and assistance, in the policy-making level, and in monitoring implementation, which contributes to the growing recognition that refugee rights are human rights and the increasing willingness of the society to participate in the protection of refugee rights. For future studies, it would certainly be imperative to further analyze the role of NGOs in enforcing and pressuring the state into practicing adequate refugee governance, as well as to analyze developments in the increasingly positive refugee governance, as has been demonstrated by some local governments in Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Securitization, NGO, Protection, Rights, Advocacy, Refugees, Government, Indonesia