Analisis Wanprestasi Non-Delivery Akibat Perubahan Harga Sebagai "Supervening Event" Berdasarkan Uniform Commercial Code (Studi Kasus Jual Beli Bahan Bakar Non-Fosil Antara Perusahaan Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat)

KARMILA HARTANTO, Prof. M. Hawin, S.H., LL.M., Ph.D

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER HUKUM BISNIS DAN KENEGARAAN

Sebuah kontrak komersial baik secara nasional maupun internasional memungkinkan timbulnya sebuah sengketa. Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk memberi gambaran mengenai kasus arbitrase perdagangan barang antara penjual (perusahaan Indonesia) dan pembeli (perusahaan Amerika Serikat) dengan menggunakan forum arbitrase di Amerika Serikat. Pilihan hukum yaitu Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), yang mengatur transaksi komersial di Amerika Serikat. Oleh sebab sengketa yang muncul adalah perdagangan jual beli barang, maka bab UCC yang digunakan adalah Article 2 Sales. Kasus ini berpusat pada gugatan wanprestasi kelalaian penjual mengirimkan barang berupa bahan bakar non-fosil (non-delivery), akibat dari kenaikan harga dan kelangkaan bahan baku yang tidak terduga dan didalihkan oleh penjual sebagai supervening event. Penjual tidak memenuhi syarat ketidakpraktisan secara komersial, karena tidak mengasumsikan kejadian tidak terduga dalam kontrak (2.615 UCC). Permasalahan kedua yaitu kemungkinan perhitungan kerugian berdasarkan selisih harga pasar dengan harga kontrak, ditambahkan dengan keuntungan yang diharapkan (2.708 UCC), andaikan pembeli menolak pengiriman barang (anticipatory repudiation). Studi yang digunakan menggunakan jenis pendekatan penelitian normatif empiris dan penelitian empiris. Penelitian empiris secara primer dilakukan melalui wawancara, sedangkan penelitian normatif secara sekunder dilakukan dengan sumber kepustakaan. Sifat penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif, dengan penggambaran kasus secara umum ke khusus.

A commercial contract either nationally or internationally can allow a dispute to occur. This case study aims to provide an overview of a commercial trade arbitration between the seller (Indonesian company) and the buyer (United States company) by using arbitration association in the United States. The choice of law was Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The provision of UCC regulates commercial transaction in the United States. Since the contract was sale of goods, the Article 2 Sales of the UCC regulated the dispute settlement. The discussed case concentrates on a claim from the buyer for breach of contract, due to seller's negligence in delivering non-fossil fuel (non-delivery). The problem was caused by a following event of raw material price increase and scarcity, which was contended by the seller as a supervening event. The seller was not excused according to commercial impracticability (2.615 UCC), because supervening event was not assumed in contract. The second discussion is anticipatory repudiation, if the buyer had avoided contract. The seller could have measured the damages for non-acceptance with the difference between market price and contract price, including anticipated profit (2.708 UCC). The study consists of normative empirical approach and empirical research. Primary empirical research was conducted through interviews, while secondary normative research was conducted by literature sources. The nature of the research was descriptive. In general, the thesis explains the governing law of aforementioned contract of goods. In particular, the thesis analyses the application of Uniform Commercial Code in the discussed trade of goods dispute settlement.

Kata Kunci : arbitrase amerika serikat, Uniform Commercial Code, commercial impracticability, anticipatory repudiation