Pengaruh Kualitas Jalan dan Layanan Transportasi Terhadap Harga Daging Spasial di Indonesia

AGUNG TRIATMOJO, Prof. Ir. Budi Guntoro, S.Pt., M.Sc., Ph.D., IPU., ASEAN Eng; Ir. Mujtahidah Anggriani Ummul Muzayyanah, S.Pt, MP, Ph.D. IPM.

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER ILMU PETERNAKAN

Pasar dalam dimensi ruang (spasial) dan waktu (temporal) terpisah cenderung menghasilkan harga produk ternak yang berbeda. Perbedaan harga diduga karena adanya perbedaan kualitas jalan dan layanan transportasi antardaerah yang menimbulkan biaya transportasi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kualitas jalan dan layanan transportasi terhadap biaya transportasi dan harga daging spasial serta menganalisis disparitas harga daging spasial. Daging sapi, kambing, dan ayam dipilih sebagai produk peternakan yang umum dikonsumsi di Indonesia. Penelitian sebanyak 310 desa sebagai sampel diambil dari Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) pada tahun 2007 dan 2014. Penentuan sampel desa menggunakan teknik stratified random sampling. Analisis ekonometri data panel dengan model regresi spasial log-log sederhana digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan pertama. Tujuan kedua yaitu analisis tingkat disparitas harga daging dihitung menggunakan nilai koefisien variasi (KV). Hasil penelitian dengan analisis regresi spatial durbin menyatakan bahwa kualitas jalan dan layanan transportasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap biaya transportasi, namun secara spasial keduanya berpengaruh signifikan. Di sisi lain, biaya transportasi hanya berpengaruh signifikan terhadap harga daging sapi. Disparitas harga daging pada dimensi spasial menunjukan bahwa distribusi produk daging tidak merata antar dimensi spasial. Disparitas harga antar provinsi masih terjadi, terutama di wilayah timur dan barat. Lebih lanjut, disparitas harga daging sapi nasional masuk ke dalam kategori sedang, sedangkan daging kambing dan ayam masuk ke dalam kategori tinggi. Dengan demikian, perlu peran Pemerintah dalam mengatur distribusi pasokan daging karena harga daging di suatu daerah juga berpengaruh terhadap daerah lain.

Markets that are separated in space (spatial) and time (temporal) produce different prices for livestock products. The price difference is generally caused by regional differences in the quality of roads and transportation services, which result in different transportation costs. This study aims to analyze the effect of road quality and transportation services on transportation costs and spatial prices of livestock products and to analyze the spatial price disparities of livestock products. Beef, mutton, and chicken were chosen as livestock products that are popular in Indonesia. The study was 310 villages as a sample taken from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. The determination of the village sample used stratified random sampling technique. Econometric analysis of panel data with a simple log-log spatial regression model was used to answer the first objective. The second objective is to analyze the level of disparity in meat prices calculated using the coefficient of variation (CV). The results of the Durbin spatial regression analysis stated that the road quality and transportation services had no effect on transportation costs, however both variables had a significant effect spatially. Nevertheless, transportation costs only have a significant effect on beef prices. The livestock product prices disparity on the spatial dimension showed that livestock product distribution was not equally spread across spatial dimensions. The results indicate that price disparities between provinces persist, particularly in the east and west regions. Furthermore, the national beef price disparity was in the moderate range, whereas the mutton and chicken price disparities were in the high level. The Government's role in regulating the distribution of livestock product supply should be performed, since the meat price in one area affects other areas.

Kata Kunci : Harga daging, kualitas jalan, layanan transportasi, regresi spasial, dan spatial durbin model.