Struktur Representasi dan Subjek-Subjek Emansipatoris dalam Novel 'Azazil Karya Yusuf Ziedan

ARDILLA ISLAMIYAH, Dr. Aprinus Salam, M.Hum

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER SASTRA

Novel 'Azazil karya Yusuf Ziedan berkisah tentang perselisihan antaragama yang sering menjadi polemik dan kerapkali terjadi di wilayah Timur Tengah. Salah satu negara yang tidak pernah lepas dari konflik tersebut adalah negara Mesir yang memiliki tingkat intoleransi cukup tinggi. Terjadinya intoleransi dapat disebabkan oleh adanya hukum mayoritas dan minoritas yang berlaku. Melalui novelnya, Yusuf Ziedan berusaha menyuarakan perlawanan terhadap intoleransi yang terjadi melalui tokoh-tokohnya. Berdasarkan hal di atas, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan struktur representasi terhadap situasi kepercayaan di Alexandria yang melatarbelakangi kemunculan novel 'Azazil. Penelitian ini juga akan mengungkapkan subjek emansipatoris melalui tokoh dalam novel. Rumusan masalah tersebut ditinjau melalui teori struktur representasi dan subjek emansipatoris seperti yang dikembangkan oleh Alain Badiou. Badiou memberikan perhatian khusus terhadap representasi karena darinya selalu terdapat ekses terhadap presentasi dan ekses ini tidak terelakkan. Situasi dengan ekses representasi menyebabkan kekosongan mendapat ketidakadilan dan ketidaksetaraan yang hanya bisa diubah oleh subjek emansipatoris. Kehadiran subjek emansipatoris muncul melalui empat prosedur kebenaran yakni sastra, politik, sains, dan cinta. Penelitian ini menemukan dua hal sebagai berikut: 1) Struktur representasi pada kepercayaan-kepercayaan di Alexandria menunjukkan adanya ekses representasi penganut Kristen terhadap penganut agama pagan yang berwujud pada aturan diskriminatif dan tindakan yang represif, 2) Kesetiaan Yusuf Ziedan terhadap Event berupa peristiwa keagamaan di negara Mesir menjadikan novel 'Azazil sebagai sebuah prosedur kebenaran seni. Novel 'Azazil kemudian memunculkan subjek emansipatoris melalui tiga prosedur kebenaran yakni cinta, sains (pengetahuan), dan politik. Akan tetapi, subjek dalam prosedur kebenaran cinta dan politik tidak sepenuhnya berhasil menjadi subjek emansipatoris karena kuatnya ekses representasi dalam tatanan sosial dan agama di Alexandria, sedangkan dalam prosedur kebenaran sains (pengetahuan) subjek emansipatoris mengalami keberhasilan secara utuh. Selain itu, ditemukan pula kategorisasi subjek berdasarkan respon subjek terhadap kebenaran yakni subjek yakin, subjek reaktif dan subjek kabur.

The novel 'Azazil by Yusuf Ziedan tells the story of interreligious disputes that often become polemics and often occur in the Middle East region. Egypt is one of the countries that has never been separated from the conflict because it has a fairly high level of intolerance. The occurrence of intolerance is likely caused by the existence of majority and minority laws that apply. Through his novel, Yusuf Ziedan tries to voice resistance to the intolerance that occurs through his characters. In view of the foregoing, this study aims to reveal the structure of the representation of the religious belief situation in Alexandria which is the background of the emergence of the novel 'Azazil. This research will also reveal the emancipatory subject through the characters in the novel. The formulation of the problem will be reviewed through the theory of representational structures and emancipatory subjects as developed by Alain Badiou. Badiou pays special attention to representation because from it, there is always an excess of presentation which is inevitable. Situations with excess representation lead to the emptiness of injustice and inequality that only the emancipatory subject can change. The presence of emancipatory subjects emerges through four elements of truth procedures which are literature, politics, science, and love. This study found two things as follows: 1) The structure of the representation of beliefs in Alexandria shows the presence of excess representation of Christians against adherents of pagan religions in the form of discriminatory rules and repressive actions, 2) Yusuf Ziedan's loyalty to Events in the form of religious events in the country. Egypt made the novel 'Azazil an artistic procedure of truth. The novel 'Azazil then raises the subject of emancipation through three elements of truth procedures: love, science (knowledge), and politics. However, the subject in the procedure of truth of love and politics did not fully succeed in becoming an emancipatory subject because of the strong excess of representation in the social and religious order in Alexandria, while in the procedure of truth of science (knowledge) the emancipatory subject experienced complete success. In addition, subject categorization was also found based on the subject's response to the truth, namely faith subject, reactive subject and blur subject.

Kata Kunci : struktur representasi, subjek emansipatoris, prosedur kebenaran, kekosongan, Event