Analisis Pengaruh Risiko Likuiditas dan Kredit Terhadap Kinerja Export Credit Agencies Exim Bank di Asia Periode 2009-2019

CIKLA SAMIRA, Bowo Setiyono, S.E., M.Com., Ph.D.,

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER MANAJEMEN (KAMPUS JAKARTA)

Kondisi perkembangan ekspor dunia yang sedang berlangsung mempunyai pengaruh terhadap pembiayaan ekspor yang di danai oleh lembaga keuangan baik bank ataupun non-bank. Peran pembiayaan lembaga keuangan non-bank merupakan pendukung yang telah banyak berperan, di banyak negara dengan sebutan Export Credit Agencies (atau selanjutnya disebut ECA) atau Export Import Bank (Exim Bank) yang secara efektif dibentuk dan beroperasi atas dasar undang-undang tersendiri dengan status sebagai lembaga otonom Pemerintah. Kinerja bagi lembaga keuangan merupakan pertimbangan yang signifikan bagi pihak-pihak yang memiliki kepentingan baik secara nasional maupun global. Pengukuran kinerja yang efektif dan efisien dengan adanya perkembangan rasio profitabilitas perusahaan. Lembaga keuangan dapat bertahan dan menjalankan menjalankan perannya sebagai perantara keuangan (financial intermediaries) tentu dengan adanya berbagai risiko yang harus dihadapi dalam menjalankan fungsi pembiayaan yang dihadapkan yaitu pada risiko kredit dan risiko likuiditas. Penelitian ini menguji secara empirik atas pengaruh risiko likuiditas yang diukur dengan Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR) dan kesenjangan likuiditas (liquidity gap) dan risiko kredit diukur dengan Non Performing Loan (NPL) terhadap profitabilitas yang diukur dengan Operating Return on Asset (Operating ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) dan Net Interest Margin (NIM) dengan sampel penelitian adalah 7 ECA/Exim Bank di Asia periode 2009-2019 yang laporan keuangannya terdaftar di website perusahaan. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode data panel. Hasil penelitian secara parsial bahwa liquidity gap berpengaruh positif terhadap Operating ROA, ROE dan NIM. LDR berpengaruh positif terhadap Operating ROA, ROE dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap NIM. NPL berpengaruh negatif terhadap Operating ROA dan ROE serta berpengaruh positif terhadap NIM. Ditemukan juga bahwa risiko likuiditas dan kredit secara simultan memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan penjelasan terkait hubungan antar variabel, sehingga dapat membantu investor untuk menilai risiko dan kinerja perusahaan.

The condition of current world export development influences export financing which is funded by financial institutions, both banks and non-banks. The role of financing for non-bank financial institutions is a proponent that has played many roles, in many countries as Export Credit Agencies (or hereinafter referred to as ECAs) or Export Import Banks (Exim Banks) which are effectively established and operated under the laws with status as an autonomous government agency. Performance for financial institutions is a significant consideration for parties with national and global interests. The effective and efficient performance measurement with the development of the company's profitability ratios. Financial institutions can survive and do their role as financial intermediaries with various risks that must be faced in carrying out their financing functions, such as credit risk and liquidity risk. This research empirically examined the liquidity risk effect which was measured by Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR) and liquidity gap (liquidity gap) and the credit risk was measured by Non-Performing Loan (NPLS) on profitability which was measured by Operating Return on Assets (Operating ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Interest Margin (NIM) with the research sample were 7 ECA/Exim Banks in Asia under period of 2009-2019 whose financial statements were listed on the company's website. This research approach used a quantitative approach with panel data method. The results of the partial research showed that the liquidity gap had a positive effect on Operating ROA, ROE and NIM. LDR has a positive effect on Operating ROA, ROE and had a negative effect on NIM. NPLS had a negative effect on Operating ROA and ROE and has a positive effect on NIM. It was also found that liquidity and credit risk simultaneously had a significant effect on profitability. The results of this research were expected can provide an explanation regarding the correlation between variables, so that it can help investors to assess the company risk and performance.

Kata Kunci : Exim Bank, ROA, ROE, NIM, LDR, Liquidity Gap, LDR, NPLS, Performance.