Persistensi Self-Employment Antar Generasi dan Karakteristik Self-Employment di Indonesia

WULIDA TSANIA HIMA AULIA, Eny Sulistyaningrum, S.E., M.A., Ph. D.

2021 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU EKONOMI

Self-employment yang persisten antar generasi telah banyak dibuktikan secara empiris di negara-negara maju. Self-employment di negara maju dicirikan dengan pekerjaan yang menghasilkan kepuasan paling tinggi, media untuk menunjukkan aktualisasi diri, dan individu dengan pekerjaan self-employment relatif lebih kaya daripada pekerjaan lainnya. Hal tersebut membuat generasi selanjutnya sebagian besar tidak mengalami kendala likuiditas untuk memulai usaha serta mewarisi kemampuan manajerial dan keterampilan yang diturunkan dari orang tuanya. Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dalam hal jenis pekerjaan self-employment. Di Indonesia, mayoritas self-employment masuk dalam sektor informal dan seringkali digunakan sebagai sarana bertahan hidup. Selain perbedaan karakteristik, studi yang meneliti topik ini di negara berkembang masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini menguji keberadaan persistensi self-employment antar generasi beserta karakteristik yang memengaruhi self-employment di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data level mikro IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) gelombang keempat sampai dengan kelima, peneliti menggunakan metode binomial logit untuk mengestimasi kemungkinan individu menjadi self-employment apabila orang tuanya memiliki pekerjaan yang sama. Hasilnya, individu yang memiliki orang tua self-employment akan mempunyai probabilitas lebih tinggi sekitar 16 persen untuk menjadi self-employment, konsisten dengan studi di negara maju. Namun terdapat perbedaan hasil karakteristik yang sangat mencolok dengan studi terdahulu, antara lain individu akan memiliki kemungkinan menjadi self-employment lebih tinggi apabila individu tersebut lebih tua dan lebih rendah capaian pendidikannya.

The existence of intergenerational persistence of self-employment has empirically proven in developed countries. Self-employment in developed countries is characterized by jobs that generate the most satisfaction, platform to show self-actualization, and individuals with self-employment jobs are relatifly richer than others. This makes the next generations mostly do not experience liquidity constraints to start a business and inherit managerial skills and skills derived from their parents. Indonesia as a developing country has different characteristics in terms of types of self-employment work. In Indonesia, the majority of self-employment belongs to the informal sector and is often used as a means of survival. In addition to the differences in characteristics, there has been a few studies examining this topic in developing countries. This study tests the existence of intergenerational persistence self-employment along with characteristics that affect self-employment in Indonesia. Using the fourth to fifth waves of the IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) micro level data, this study utilites the binomial logit method to estimate the possibility of individuals becoming self-employment if their parents had became one. The result shows that individuals who have self-employment parents will have a higher probability of about 16 percent to becoming self-employment themselves, consistent with studies in developed countries. However, there are striking differences in characteristic outcomes with previous studies, among which individuals will have a higher likelihood of self-employment if the individuals are older and lower in educational achievement.

Kata Kunci : persistensi, self-employment, antar generasi, modal manusia, modal finansial