Hubungan Antara Perubahan Status Kognitif terhadap Asupan Energi dan Protein Lansia di Wilayah Perkotaan dan Pedesaan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

STEFANIE INTAN BUDI ASTUTI, Tony Arjuna, M.Nut.Diet, Ph.D, AN, APD; Dr. dr. Emy Huriyati, M.Kes.

2021 | Skripsi | S1 GIZI KESEHATAN

Latar Belakang: Indonesia merupakan negara dengan struktur penduduk menuju tua yang diprediksi mengalami peningkatan proporsi lansia mencapai 20% total penduduk pada tahun 2045. Penelitian terkait hubungan status kognitif, yang merupakan faktor risiko malnutrisi, terhadap asupan makanan pada lansia di Indonesia masih terbatas. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan perubahan status kognitif dan asupan energi protein lansia dengan melibatkan lansia di perkotaan dan pedesaan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional longitudinal multiple cross-sectional. Lansia berusia setidaknya 65 tahun dan telah tinggal di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta setidaknya setahun sebelum mulainya penelitian diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini (n = 343, rata-rata usia pada pengambilan data kedua 75.9 ± 6.5 tahun). Data status kognitif dinilai dengan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) sedangkan asupan energi dan protein dinilai dengan 24 hours food recall dan Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Data dianalisis dengan chi-square test, independent-samples t test, one way ANOVA, paired-samples t test, dan Pearson’s correlation test. Hasil: Perubahan status kognitif tidak berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan perubahan asupan energi dan protein lansia (r = 0.042, r = 0.096). Terdapat tren penurunan rata-rata asupan energi dan protein pada lansia dengan status kognitif yang lebih buruk. Kesimpulan: Meskipun tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara penurunan status kognitif dan penurunan asupan energi protein lansia, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan rata-rata asupan energi dan protein menurun seiring perkembangan gangguan kognitif lansia.

Introduction: Indonesia is an aging country in which the elderly population was predicted to grow up to 20% of the total population by 2045. There is limited research regarding the association of cognitive status as one of the risk factors of malnutrition and dietary intake of Indonesian elderly. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the association between the changes in cognitive status and energy-protein intake of the elderly from urban and rural areas in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Methods: This study was an observational longitudinal study with multiple cross-sectional design study. Older adults who were at least 65 years old and had lived in the Special Region of Yogyakarta at least 1 year prior to this study were recruited to participate (n = 343, follow-up age 75.9 ± 6.5 years old). The cognitive status was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) while the energy and protein intake were assessed using 24 hours food recall and Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Chi-square test, independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, paired-samples t-test, and Pearson’s correlation test were performed to the collected data. Result: The change of cognitive status of the elderly had no significant correlation to the changes of energy and protein intake (r = 0.042, r = 0.096). There was a decreasing trend of the mean energy intake and protein intake in groups of elderly with poorer cognitive status. Conclusion: Although there was no significant association between the decline of cognitive status and the reduced energy protein intake of the elderly, this study showed that the means of energy and protein intake were decreased gradually in groups with higher severity of cognitive impairment.

Kata Kunci : lanjut usia, status kognitif, asupan energi, asupan protein, kohort retrospektif