Pengaruh Pemberian Suplemen Vitamin D, Magnesium, Susu Tinggi Kalisum serta Edukasi Balanced Diet Terhadap Somatotype Atlet Sepak Bola Remaja

ANASTASIA SITA P, Dr. Mirza Hapsari S.T.P., S.Gz, RD, MPH; Harry Freitag LM. S.Gz., M.Sc, RD

2021 | Skripsi | S1 GIZI KESEHATAN

Latar Belakang: Peforma atlet sepak bola Indonesia masih belum optimal. Pengoptimalan peforma atlet sebaiknya dilakukan sejak pembinaan atlet remaja. Komposisi tubuh dan somatotype yang ideal berdasarkan cabang olahraga menjadi faktor penunjang atlet untuk memiliki peforma yang lebih baik. Perbaikan komposisi tubuh dan profil somatotype dipengaruhi oleh latihan dan asupan gizi makro dan mikro. Zat gizi mikro esensial bagi atlet sepak bola remaja adalah vitamin D, magnesium, dan kalisium. Ketiga zat ini saling berhubungan dalam proses metabolisme tubuh dan berpengaruh pada komposisi tubuh seperti modifikasi serabut otot, pembentukan dan pengerasan tulang, serta penurunan simpanan lemak. Suplementasi diperlukan karena terdapat kekurangan pemenuhan dari makanan yang dikonsumsi. Selain itu perlu pemahaman atlet akan balanced diet untuk mengatur pola makan Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian suplementasi vitamin D, magnesium, susu tinggi kalsium serta edukasi balanced diet terhadap somatotype atlet sepakbola remaja sebelum dan setelah intervensi Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan metode pre-post test tanpa kontrol (pre-post test without control). Penelitian dilakukan selama 30 hari. Subjek terdiri dari 21 atlet sepak bola remaja Sekolah Sepak Bola Bintang Putra Mlati usia 11-13 tahun. Subjek diberikan intervensi kapsul vitamin D 800 IU kapsul magnesium 500 mg, dan susu tinggi kalsium 250 ml per hari. Subjek juga diberikan edukasi balanced diet dan perubahan pengetahuan gizi dinilai dengan mengerjakan pre-test dan post-test. Komposisi tubuh dan somatotype atlet diukur sebelum dan setelah diberikan intervensi. Kebiasaan makan sebelum intervensi diukur dengan form SQ-FFQ dan dipantau tiap minggunya dengan pertanyaan recall 3x24 jam. Asupan cairan sebelum, selama, dan sesudah intervensi diukur dengan form SQ-FFQ cairan. Hasil: Edukasi balanced diet yang diberikan memberikan pengaruh pada peningkatan pengetahuan gizi atlet secara signifikan (p=.017). Pada pengukuran BIA setelah diberikan intervensi suplemen vitamin D, magnesium, dan susu tinggi kalsium, atlet mengalami peningkatan pada tinggi badan (p=<.0001), berat badan (p=.007), whole body musle (p=.003), persentase massa otot pada bagian tubuh (p=.000), kaki (p=.000), dan lengan (p=.0001). Atlet juga mengalami penurunan signifikan pada whole body fat (p.004=), persentase massa lemak pada bagian tubuh (p=.000), kaki (p=.000), dan lengan (p=.012). Pada pengukuran antropometri, atlet mengalami peningkatan lebar humerus (p=.015), lebar femur (p=.016) dan lingkar lengan tegang (p=.006) serta penurunan pada lipatan kulit bagian suprailiaca (p=.004) dan calf (p=.000). Komponen-komponen tersebut berpengaruh terhadap perbaikan profil somatotype atlet. Terlihat pada hasil akhir penelitian, terdapat perubahan yang signifikan pada komponen endormorf (p=.003) dan mesomorph (p=.007). Intervensi yang diberikan belum memberikan pengaruh secara signifikan pada komponen ektomorf (p=.106). Kesimpulan: Edukasi mengenai balanced diet dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan gizi pada atlet remaja. Edukasi gizi sebaikanya juga diberikan untuk orang tua dan pelatih terutama pada atlet remaja yang masih disediakan makan oleh orang tua. Intervensi yang diberikan dapat memberikan pengaruh pada komposisi tubuh dan somatotype atlet sepak bola remaja. Atlet perlu memenuhi asupan gizi dari makanan dan minuman agar suplementasi dapat memberikan hasil yang maksimal

Backgorund: The performance of Indonesian soccer athletes is still not optimal. Optimizing athlete performance should be done since coaching adolescent athletes. The ideal body composition and somatotype based on the sport are the supporting factors for athletes to have better performance. Improvements in body composition and somatotype profiles were influenced by exercise and macro and micronutrient intake. The essential micronutrients for youth soccer athletes are vitamin D, magnesium and potassium. These three substances are interconnected in the body's metabolic processes and affect body composition such as muscle modification, bone formation and hardening, and decreased fat storage. Supplementation is needed because there is a lack of fulfillment from the food consumed. In addition, athletes need an understanding of a balanced diet to regulate their diet Purpose: To determine the effect of supplementation with vitamin D, magnesium, high calcium milk and balanced diet education on the somatotype of adolescent soccer athletes before and after intervention. Methods: This research is an experimental study with a pre-post test without control method. The study was conducted for 30 days. The subjects consisted of 21 youth soccer athletes from Bintang Putra Mlati Soccer School aged 11-13 years. Subjects were given an intervention of 800 IU vitamin D capsules 500 mg magnesium capsules, and 250 ml high calcium milk per day. Subjects were also given education on a balanced diet and changes in nutritional knowledge were assessed by doing pre-test and post-test. Body composition and somatotype of athletes were measured before and after the intervention. Eating habits before the intervention were measured using the SQ-FFQ form and monitored weekly with 3x24 hour recall questions. Fluid intake before, during, and after the intervention was measured by the SQ-FFQ form of fluid. Results: The balanced diet education provided significantly increased the athlete's nutritional knowledge (p=.017). In the measurement of BIA after being given the intervention of vitamin D, magnesium, and high calcium milk supplements, athletes experienced an increase in height (p=<.0001), weight (p=.007), whole body musle (p=.003), percentage of muscle mass in body parts (p=.000), legs (p=.000), and arms (p=.0001). Athletes also experienced a significant decrease in whole body fat (p.004=), the percentage of fat mass in body parts (p=.000), legs (p=.000), and arms (p=.012). In anthropometric measurements, athletes experienced an increase in humeral width (p=.015), femur width (p=.016) and arm circumference (p=.006) as well as a decrease in suprailiac skin folds (p=.004) and calf (p=.004). p=.000). These components affect the improvement of the athlete's somatotype profile. Seen in the final results of the study, there were significant changes in the endormorph (p=.003) and mesomorph (p=.007) components. The given intervention has not had a significant effect on the ectomorph component (p=.106). Conclusion: Education about a balanced diet can increase nutritional knowledge in adolescent athletes. Nutrition education should also be given to parents and coaches, especially to adolescent athletes who are still provided with food by their parents. The intervention given can have an influence on the body composition and somatotype of adolescent soccer athletes. Athletes need to fulfill their nutritional intake from food and drink so that supplementation can provide maximum results.

Kata Kunci : Sepak bola, atlet remaja, vitamin d, magnesium, susu tinggi kalsium, edukasi balanced diet, somatotype, komposisi tubuh