DINAMIKA PANDEMI COVID-19 PADA INDUSTRI PARIWISATA BAHARI KABUPATEN BERAU

AHMAD HIDAYAH, Prof. Dr. Heru Nugroho

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER SOSIOLOGI

Pandemi COVID-19 menimbulkan permasalahan terhadap segala aspek termasuk industri pariwisata. Kabupaten Berau sebagai salah satu daerah di Indonesia yang dijadikan sebagai wilayah objek wisata andalan di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur turut terkena dampak dari adanya pandemi COVID-19. Menggunakan kolaborasi teori survival strategy/mechanism survival dari James C. Scott dan teori modal/kapital dari Pierre Bourdie penelitian ini menganalisis dan membedah secara kritis bagaimana dampak pandemi, survival strategy dan modal bekerja pada COVID-19 di industri pariwisata bahari di Kabupaten Berau. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif (deskriptif) yang dikemukakan oleh Creswell. Data pada penelitian ini diperoleh melalui obervasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, pengumpulan data online dan studi literatur. Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan perubahan kondisi terhadap industri pariwisata bahari Kabupaten Berau berupa penurunan kunjungan wisatawan sebesar 69,7% (perbandingan Tahun 2019 dengan Tahun 2020), dan penurunan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) sebesar 41,6% dari sektor pariwisata. Perubahan kondisi tersebut menyebabkan pekerja dan pelaku usaha wisata bahari menjadi kaum rentan perekonomiannya. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, pekerja dan pelaku usaha wisata melakukan peralihan mata pencaharian selama pandemi COVID-19 berlangsung serta mensiasati pola keuangan. Peralihan mata pencaharian tersebut merupakan bukti bahwa pekerja dan pelaku usaha wisata bahari Kabupaten Berau mengintrepetasikan alam sebagai sumber daya utama baik sebelum pandemi COVID-19 dan selama pandemi COVID-19. Modal yang bekerja bagi pekerja dan pelaku usaha wisata bahari Kabupaten Berau ketika pandemi COVID-19 berlangsung adalah modal ekonomi (menggunakan simpanan), modal budaya (penggunaan media sosial) dan modal sosial (relasi sosial). Ironisnya pandemi COVID-19 yang dialami oleh pekerja dan pelaku usaha wisata bahari di Kabupaten Berau semakin menunjukkan distinction karena perbedaan kepemilikan modal/kapital antara pekerja dan pengusaha kecil dengan pengusaha besar wisata bahari. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan melakukan sosialisasi terhadap kegiatan pariwisata yang mengedepankan protokol kesehatan serta mendukung program CHSE yang dicanangkan oleh Kementrian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Indonesia.

Pandemic of COVID-19 has caused many problems in all aspects, including the tourism industry. Berau Regency as one of the regions in Indonesia which is used as a mainstay tourist attraction area in East Kalimantan Province has also been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used the collaboration of the survival strategy/survival mechanism theory from James C. Scott and the capital/capital theory from Pierre Bourdie. This study analyzed and critically dissected about the change conditon of the pandemic, survival strategy, and capital on COVID-19 in the marine tourism industry in Berau Regency. This study used a qualitative (descriptive) research method proposed by Creswell. The data were obtained by observation, interviews, documentation, online data collection, and literature study. Pandemic of COVID-19 had a condition change on the marine tourism industry of Berau Regency in the form of a 69.7% decrease in tourist arrivals (comparison with 2019 and 2020), and 41.6% decrease in Regional Original Income (PAD) from the tourism sector. These changes in conditions have caused workers and marine tourism business actors to become vulnerable to their economy. Overcoming these problems, workers and tourism business actors carried out a transition jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic and anticipate financial patterns. The transition jobs is proof that Berau Regency marine tourism workers and business actors interpret nature as the main resource both before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The capital working for Berau Regency marine tourism workers and business actors during the COVID-19 pandemic was economic capital (using savings), cultural capital (using social media), and social capital (social relations). Pandemic of COVID-19 experienced ironically by workers and marine tourism business actors in Berau Regency was increasingly showing a distinction due to differences in capital ownership between workers and small entrepreneurs and large marine tourism entrepreneurs. This study recommends socializing tourism activities that prioritize health protocols and support the CHSE program launched by the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy.

Kata Kunci : Pandemi COVID-19, Perubahan Kondisi, Survival Strategy, Modal/Kapital, Industri Pariwisata Bahari, Kabupaten Berau