POTENSI LIMBAH TANAMAN SENGON LAUT (Paraserianthes falcataria) dan PEPAYA GUNUNG (Carica pubescens) SEBAGAI ANTI PARASIT NEMATODA GASTROINTESTINAL DAN PENDUKUNG PRODUKTIVITAS DOMBA LOKAL DI KABUPATEN WONOSOBO

ZEIN AHMAD BAIHAQI, Dr. drh. Irkham Widiyono; Bambang Suwignyo, Ir., S.Pt., MP., Ph.D., IPM., ASEAN Eng; Dr. drh. R. Wisnu Nurcahyo

2021 | Disertasi | DOKTOR SAINS VETERINER

Kabupaten Wonosobo mempunyai genetik domba lokal yang perlu digali potensi serta dijaga kelestariannya yaitu domba Wonosobo dan domba ekor tipis. Wonosobo ini banyak ditemukan limbah tanaman kulit pohon sengon laut (Paraserianthes falcataria) dan kulit buah pepaya gunung (Carica pubescens) yang diprediksi mempunyai kandungan senyawa aktif tanaman. Perkembangan domba lokal mengalami beberapa kendala yaitu gangguan parasit Haemonchus contortus, resistensi penggunaan obat antelmintik, degradasi protein pakan di dalam rumen dan masalah lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh produksi methan berlebihan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali potensi limbah kulit kayu sengon dan limbah kulit buah pepaya gunung yang mempunyai kandungan senyawa aktif untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai alternatif anti parasit berbasis herbal, namun yang aman terhadap parameter fermentasi di dalam rumen dan menekan bakteri metanogenik. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui 3 tahap yakni (1) identifikasi kandungan senyawa aktif limbah tanaman dan identifikasi jenis domba yang paling rentan terinfeksi Haemonchus contortus, (2) Studi potensi antelmintik ekstrak limbah tanaman dan studi efek ekstrak terhadap parameter fermentasi rumen secara in vitro, (3) Studi potensi antelmintik ekstrak limbah tanaman secara in vivo dan respon domba terhadap pemberian ekstrak limbah tanaman. Pada uji mortalitas cacing dewasa setiap cawan petri berisi 20 ekor cacing dewasa, masing-masing diberikan ekstrak kulit kayu sengon dan kulit buah carica dengan dosis 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, 25 dan 50 % dan albendazole 2 mg/ml dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Uji ultrastruktur permukaan tubuh cacing mati dilakukan dengan menggunakan SEM. Uji parameter fermentasi rumen secara in vitro dengan dosis 0, 1, 2.5 dan 5 % meliputi pengamatan pH, NH3, VFA, protein mikrobia, produksi gas dan PCR. Pada uji in vivo, sebanyak 16 ekor domba ekor tipis jantan dengan umur 6-8 bulan dibagi 4 kelompok masing-masing terdiri 4 ekor. Kelompok A = kontrol positif, kelompok B = EACP 2,5 %, kelompok C = EACP 5 % dan kelompok D = kontrol positif. Domba yang digunakan in vivo merupakan domba yang terinfeksi Haemonchus contortus secara alami dengan epg > 1000. Periode perlakuan in vivo selama 5 minggu dengan perlakuan diberikan ekstrak kulit buah carica dengan dosis 2.5 dan 5 % selama 7 hari berturut-turut pada minggu pertama perlakuan, sedangkan kontrol positif diberikan perlakuan menggunakan Albendazole per oral dengan dosis 3,8 mg/kg BB. Parameter yang diamati pada tahap in vivo meliputi bobot badan, pemeriksaan EPG Haemonchus contortus, darah, BCS, konsumsi dan kecernaan pakan, FAMACHA, dag score, bottle jaw, kondisi bulu dan PCR feses domba untuk mengonfirmasi adanya Haemonchus contortus. Hasil analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder pada dua tanaman menunjukkan adanya kandungan tanin, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid dan steroid. Hasil in vitro, sengon dengan pelarut ethanol menyebabkan kematian Haemonchus contortus 100% pada konsentrasi 0.8%, sedangkan carica dengan pelarut air terpantau menyebabkan kematian 100% pada konsentrasi 2.5% dan kontrol positif (Albendazole) menyebabkan kematian cacing pada paruh pertama jam sebesar 43,35%. Penambahan sengon ekstrak ethanol dan carica ekstrak air tidak mengganggu terhadap parameter pH cairan rumen, konsentrasi NH3, konsentrasi total volatile fatty acid (VFA), proporsi asam asetat, asam propionat, asam butirat dan rasio asetat:propionat cairan rumen, konsentrasi protein mikrobia cairan rumen, produksi gas dan kecernaan BK maupun kecernaan BO. Hasil SEM menunjukkan kerusakan pada area bukal dan punggung longitudinal. Hasil in vivo, rerata berat badan, BCS, FECR FAMACHA, dag score, kehalusan bulu mengalami peningkatan. Nilai RBC, Hb, HCT, total protein, kreatinin, albumin, glukosa, BUN meningkat signifikan (P<0,05), sedangkan globulin, AST, ALT dan EPG Haemonchus contortus menurun signifikan (P<0,05). Konsumsi dan kecernaan pada level pemberian 1% dan 2,5% menunjukkan tidak adanya gangguan, sedangkan pada level 5% secara signifikan (P<0,05) menurunkan konsumsi BK dan BO serta kecernaan BK dan PK. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu penggunaan EACP 2,5% paling potensial untuk anti parasit, tidak memberikan gangguan pada kesehatan, konsumsi dan kecernaan serta produksi dari DET.

Wonosobo Regency has local sheep genetics that need to be explored and preserved, namely Wonosobo sheep and thin tail sheep. In Wonosobo, there was a lot of waste from the bark of the sea sengon tree (Paraserianthes falcataria) and the skin of the mountain papaya (Carica pubescens) which were predicted to contain active plant compounds. The development of local sheep experienced several obstacles, namely parasitic disorders of Haemonchus contortus, resistance to the use of anthelmintic drugs, degradation of feed protein in the rumen and environmental problems caused by excessive methane production. This study aims to explore the potential of sengon bark waste and mountain papaya fruit peel waste which contain active compounds to be used as herbal-based anti-parasitic alternatives, but which are safe against fermentation parameters in the rumen and suppress methanogenic bacteria. This research was carried out in 3 stages, namely (1) identification of the active compound content of plant waste and identification of the most susceptible sheep species infected with Haemonchus contortus, (2) study of the anthelmintic potential of plant waste extracts and study of the effect of extracts on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro, (3 ) Study of the anthelmintic potential of plant waste extracts in vivo and sheep response to administration of plant waste extracts. In the mortality test for adult worms, each petri dish contained 20 adult worms, each of which was given extracts of sengon bark and carica fruit peel with doses of 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, 25 and 50% and albendazole 2 mg/ml with 3 doses. repetition times. Ultrastructure test of the body surface of dead worms was carried out using SEM. In vitro rumen fermentation parameter tests with doses of 0, 1, 2.5 and 5% included observations of pH, NH3, VFA, microbial protein, gas production and PCR. In the in vivo test, 16 thin-tailed rams aged 6-8 months were divided into 4 groups of 4 each. Group A = positive control, group B = EACP 2.5%, group C = EACP 5% and group D = positive control. The sheep used in vivo were sheep that were naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus with epg > 1000. The in vivo treatment period was for 5 weeks with the treatment given carica fruit peel extract at a dose of 2.5 and 5% for 7 consecutive days in the first week of treatment, while positive control was given treatment using Albendazole orally at a dose of 3.8 mg/kg BW. Parameters observed at the in vivo stage included body weight, examination of EPG Haemonchus contortus, blood, BCS, feed consumption and digestibility, FAMACHA, dag score, bottle jaw, coat condition and PCR of sheep feces to confirm the presence of Haemonchus contortus. The results of the analysis of secondary metabolites in the two plants showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids. In vitro results, sengon with ethanol solvent caused 100% death of Haemonchus contortus at 0.8% concentration, while carica with water solvent was observed to cause 100% death at 2.5% concentration and positive control (Albendazole) caused worm death in the first half hour of 43.35 %. The addition of ethanol extract of sengon and carica extract did not interfere with the parameters of rumen fluid pH, NH3 concentration, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and acetate:propionic ratio of rumen fluid, rumen fluid microbial protein concentration. , gas production and digestibility of BK and BO digestibility. SEM results showed damage to the buccal and dorsal longitudinal areas. In vivo results, mean body weight, BCS, FECR FAMACHA, dag score, hair smoothness increased. The values of RBC, Hb, HCT, total protein, creatinine, albumin, glucose, BUN increased significantly (P<0.05), while globulin, AST, ALT and EPG Haemonchus contortus decreased significantly (P<0.05). Consumption and digestibility at the level of administration of 1% and 2.5% showed no disturbance, while at the level of 5% significantly (P<0.05) decreased the consumption of BK and BO as well as the digestibility of BK and PK. The conclusion of this study is that the use of 2.5% EACP has the most potential for anti-parasitic, does not interfere with health, consumption and digestibility as well as the production of DET.

Kata Kunci : Antiparasit, Carica pubescens, domba ekor tipis, Haemonchus contortus, klinis