PILKADA DI TENGAH WABAH COVID-19: INKLUSIFITAS DAN TANTANGAN PEMILIH DIFABEL

AZKA ABDI AMRUROBBI, Evi Lina Sutrisno, Ph.D

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER POLITIK DAN PEMERINTAHAN

Studi ini membahas terkait dengan inklusifitas dan tantangan pemilih difabel dalam pelaksanaan Pilkada di tengah wabah Covid-19. Hal tersebut dilandasi oleh kesepakatan pemerintah yang menyepakati bahwa Pilkada serentak dilaksanakan pada 9 Desember 2020 di tengah wabah Covid-19. Terdapat dua hal yang perlu diperhatikan ketika pelaksanaan Pilkada 2020, yaitu partisipasi masyarakat khususnya difabel dan penerapan protokol kesehatan. Di satu sisi, pemilih difabel sering mendapatkan diskriminasi dalam pelaksanaan Pilkada. Di sisi yang lain, WHO menjelaskan bahwa kelompok difabel memiliki kerentanan terpapar wabah Covid-19. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan etnografi virtual. Di mana penulis memfokuskan studi pada pelaksanaan Pilkada 2020 di kabupaten Sleman. Hal tersebut karena kabupaten Sleman merupakan salah satu dari tiga kabupaten di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta yang memiliki pemilih difabel terbanyak. Studi ini juga fokus pada sudut pandang pemilih difabel baik yang tergabung ke dalam LSM maupun yang tidak tergabung ke dalam LSM penyandang difabel. Selain itu, peneliti lebih memfokuskan penelitian ke dalam tiga tahapan Pilkada, yaitu tahapan pencocokan dan penelitian (Coklit) daftar pemilih, kampanye dan sosialisasi, serta pemungutan suara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa hak politik bagi pemilih difabel diatur dalam beberapa peraturan seperti Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia (Duham), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) 1945, Undang-Undang No. 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, Undang-Undang No. 8 tahun 2016 tentang Penyandang Disabilitas, hingga Undang-Undang 7 tahun 2017 tentang Pemilu. Namun sayangnya hak politik bagi difabel tidak dijelaskan secara eksplisit dalam Undang-Undang Pilkada. Selain itu, Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Kabupaten Sleman telah melaksanakan beberapa persiapan dalam pelaksanaan Pilkada 2020 di tengah wabah Covid-19 seperti melakukan rapid test bagi penyelenggara badan adhoc, melakukan sosialisasi dan diskusi bersama pemilih difabel, mempersiapkan protokol kesehatan dalam setiap tahapan, hingga memastikan tempat pemungutan suara aksesibel dan inklusif. Walaupun demikian, pemilih difabel mengalami beberapa tantangan berdasarkan ragam difabilitasnya dalam setiap tahapan. Penulis juga menemukan beberapa tantangan yang dialami oleh pemilih difabel sesuai dengan ragam difabelnya baik yang dilatarbelakangi oleh wabah Covid-19, maupun tantangan yang sudah sering terjadi dari Pilkada ke Pilkada seperti keluarga yang melarang pemilih difabel berpartisipasi karena Covid-19 dan karena aib keluarga atau malu, pemilih difabel yang tidak masuk ke dalam kartu keluarga dan tidak memiliki KTP-el, kesulitan dalam setiap tahapan Pilkada yang bersifat online, badan adhoc KPU yang minim pengetahuan dan belum inklusif, hingga TPS yang tidak aksesibel. Dari permasalahan tersebut juga membuat LSM difabel melakukan beberapa kegiatan untuk mendukung Pilkada 2020 seperti melakukan advokasi kepada Disdukcapil Kabupaten Sleman, membantu pemilih difabel dalam membuat KTP-el, memberikan pendidikan pemilih bagi difabel, melaksanakan kontrak politik dengan kandidat, hingga kerjasama dengan KPU Kabupaten Sleman.

This study discusses the inclusiveness and challenges of voters with disabilities in the implementation of local election (Pilkada) during the Covid-19 outbreak. It was based on the agreement that the government agreed that simultaneous elections held on December 9, 2020 during Covid-19 outbreak. There are two things that need to be considered when implementing the 2020 local election, namely community participation, especially persons with disabilities and the application of health protocols. On the one hand, voters with disabilities often face discrimination in the implementation of local election. On the other hand, WHO explained that groups with disabilities are vulnerable to being exposed to the Covid-19 outbreak. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach and virtual ethnography. Where the authors focus their studies on the implementation of the 2020 Local election in Sleman district. This is because Sleman district is one of the three districts in the Special Region of Yogyakarta that has the most voters with disabilities. This study also focuses on the perspective of voters with disabilities, both who are members of NGOs and those who are not members of NGOs with disabilities. In addition, researchers focused their research into three stages of local election, namely the voter list matching and research stage (Coklit), campaign and socialization, and voting day. The results showed that the political rights of voters with disabilities are regulated in several regulations such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 1945 Constitution, Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, Law no. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities, up to Law 7 of 2017 concerning Elections. But unfortunately, the political rights for difabel are not explicitly explained in the local election Law. In addition, the General Election Commission (KPU) of Sleman Regency has carried out several preparations in the implementation of the 2020 local election during Covid-19 outbreak, such as conducting rapid tests for ad hoc organizers, conducting socialization and discussions with voters with disabilities, preparing health protocols at each stage, up to ensuring polling stations are accessible and inclusive. However, voters with disabilities experience several challenges based on the variety of diffabilities in each stage. The author also found several challenges experienced by voters with disabilities in accordance with the variety of disabilities, both motivated by Covid-19 outbreak, as well as challenges that have often occurred from local election to local election, such as families that prohibit disabled voters from participating because of Covid-19 and because of family disgrace or embarrassed, disabled voters who do not enter the family card and do not have an electronic identity card (E-KTP), difficulties in every stage of the local election which are online, the ad hoc KPU body which lacks knowledge and is not yet inclusive, to inaccessible polling stations. From these problems also made NGOs with disabilities carry out several activities to support the 2020 local election, such as advocating for the Sleman Regency Population and Civil Registry Service (Disdukcapil), helping disabled voters in making electronic identity card (E-KTP), providing voter education for disabled people, implementing political contracts with candidates, to cooperation with the KPU of Sleman Regency.

Kata Kunci : Pemilih Difabel, Pilkada 2020, Wabah Covid-19