OPERASI BIOPOLITIK DAN PERGERAKAN MULTITUDE DALAM TIGA NOVEL SUPERNOVA

AVESINA WISDA B, Dr. Aprinus Salam, M.Hum.

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER SASTRA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan operasi biopolitik dan multitude dalam tiga novel karya Dewi Lestari, di antaranya Supernova Episode: Kesatria, Putri, dan Bintang Jatuh (Supernova I), Supernova Episode: Akar (Supernova II), dan Supernova Episode: Petir (Supernova III). Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian berkaitan dengan pergeseran paradigma ekonomi dari industrialisasi ke biopolitik, yang menimbulkan berbagai bentuk dan pola kerja baru dalam masyarakat. Paradigma biopolitik kemudian memunculkan gerakan multitude yang diharapkan efektif melawan dominasi kapitalisme masa kini. Berbagai narasi tentang paradigma biopolitik dan pergerakan multitude, dalam penelitian kemudian dieksplorasi menggunakan perspektif filsafat politik Antonio Negri dan Michael Hardt. Penelitian ini akan menjawab dua pertanyaan: (1) bagaimana biopolitik beroperasi dalam tiga sekuel Supernova?; dan (2) bagaimana tiga sekuel Supernova menarasikan pergerakan multitude. Temuan dalam penelitian menyatakan bahwa narasi biopolitik dan multitude diimplementasikan tokoh-tokoh dalam novel melalui pergerakan dan upaya bertahan hidup. Di dalam novel operasi biopolitik disajikan melalui beberapa tahap di antaranya kritik terhadap sistem yang mapan, kemunculan narasi tentang pengetahuan baru, dan kerja immaterial. Selanjutnya, kekuatan biopolitik telah beroperasi secara otomatis dan tanpa disadari oleh tokohtokohnya,lantaran telah melekat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sementara itu, bubungan antara biopolitik dan multitude memiliki pola yang berkesinambungan. Adapun beberapa syarat penting kerja immaterial agar menjadi gerakan multitude yang dapat diperhitungkan, di antaranya kreatifitas, inovasi, hubungan relasi, dan berbagai ketrampilan khusus yang dimiliki setiap pekerjanya. Meskipun ketiga novel Supernova telah menjelaskan aplikasi biopolitik dan multitude, namun masih terdapat beberapa kekurangan. Pertama, metode pemanfaatan teknologi tertentu yang tidak efektif ketika diterapkan kembali pada kerja kreatif di masa sekarang. Kedua terkait potensi eksploitasi pekerja immaterial yang belum dijelaskan dalam novel.

This research aims to explain biopolitical and multitude operations in three novels by Dewi Lestari, including Supernova Episode: Kesatria, Putri, dan Bintang Jatuh (Supernova I), Supernova Episode: Akar (Supernova II), and Supernova Episode: Petir (Supernova III).: Lightning (Supernova III). The research problem is related to the shift of the economic paradigm from industrialization into biopolitics that could lead to various forms and new work patterns in society. And then, The biopolitical paradigm grows a multitude of movements that could effectively pullout against the domination of capitalism today. Various narratives about the biopolitical paradigm and the multitude's movements have been investigated in the research use the political philosophy perspectives of Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. This research will answer two questions: (1) how does biopolitics operate in the three Supernova sequels ?; and (2) how the three Supernova sequels narrated the multitude movement. The result of the study finds out that the biopolitical and multitude narrative has already implemented toward the characters in the novel that shows movement and survival effort In the novel, biopolitical operations were shows through several stages, including criticism of the established system, the emergence of narratives about new knowledge, and immaterial labor. Furthermore, biopolitical forces have operated automatically without being aware by the characters. It could happen because the biopolitical oppression has already grown in their everyday life. Meanwhile, the relationship between biopolitics and the multitude has a continuous pattern. There are several essential requirements for immaterial labor that becomes a multitude's movements that can take into account, including creativity, innovation, relationships, and various special skills possessed by each worker. Although the three Supernova novels explained the application of biopolitics and multitude, there were still some shortcomings. First, particular technology utilization methods are not effective when re-applied to creative work today. The second is related to the potential for exploitation of immaterial workers that not describe in the novel.

Kata Kunci : biopolitik, multitude, kerja immaterial, sosiologi sastra, biopolitics, multitude, immaterial labor, sociology of literature