Strategi eksistensi calo dalam kehidupan sosial kemasyarakatan :: Strategi eksistensi calo dalam melakukan aktivitas kerja di pegadaian dan terminal bus Purwokerto

DJAWAHIR, Fatmah Siti, Dr. Partini

2002 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi

Krisis ekonomi yang melanda Indonesia sejak tahun 1997 secara empirik telah menimbulkan dampak luas, salah satunya adalah meningkatnya angka pengangguran. Dalam situasi sulit ini banyak orang yang berpaling ke sektor kerja informal. Satu di antara profesi pada sektor informal adalah calo terminal dan calo gadai. Sebagai suatu profesi kerapkali calo dipandang sebelah mata dan mempunyai label negatif di mata masyarakat. Berdasarkan realitas tersebut, penelitian berusaha menggali determinan eksistensi profesi calo dan strategi profesi. Pengkajiannya dengan pendekatan sosiologis melalui teori interaksionisme simbolik dan rasionalitas instrumen. Fenomena calo ini diteliti secara deskriptif kualitatif. Kota Punvokerto dipilih sebagai lokasi penelitian karena di daerah ini banyak dijumpai adanya calo gadai maupun calo terminal. Data-data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui indepth interview, observasi langsung, dokumentasi, dan focus group discussion. Data-data yang diperoleh dianalisi dengan teknik analisis deskriptif kualitatif yang dilengkapi dengan tabel frekuensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksistensi profesi calo tidak lepas dari kesadaran para pelakunya tentang berbagai peran yang harus dijalankannya. Dengan berbagai fungsi dan peranan tersebut profesi calo memiliki berbagai muatan makna ; bagi si pelaku, bagi keluarganya, bagi konsumen, bagi Iembaga pegadaian dan pengusaha bus, dan bagi pengurus bis. Kemudian, para calo juga mengembangkan beberapa strategi untuk menjamin kelangsungan profesi dan memaksimalkan pendapatan, yaitu pengamatan, jujur, menitipkan pesan, bersikap sopan, pendekatan persuasif, dan tidak menaikkan tarif. Strategi tersebut merupakan hasil dari proses pengamatan dan penafsiran terhadap lingkungan kerjanya. Keberadaan strategi profesi menunjuk pada asumsi Hinkle tentang teori aksi dan menggambarkan para calo sebagai individu yang senantiasa dibimbing oleh kepentingan pribadi dan rasionalitas pemikiran. Implikasi hasil penelitian adalah para calo harus mengembangkan sikap dan perilaku simpatik dalam menjalankan aktivitas kerjanya sehingga dapat menarik simpati konsumen sekaligus mengikis label stereotipe. Di sisi lain, pemerintah perlu memikirkan regulasi dan kebijaksanaan yang lebih serius dan konsisten menyangkut profesi calo gadai maupun calo bus. Legalisasi profesi layak dipertimbangkan untuk memperluas lapangan kerja dan mengatur ketertibannya serta mengembangkan potensi pendapatan asli daerah.

The economic crisis that besets Indonesia since 1997 since 1997 has has empiriccally brouhgt about wide impact, and one of them is increase of the number of unemployment. During this difficult situation, many people turn to the informal sector. One of the professions within the informal sector is profiteer operating at the pawnshop service offices and the bus stations. As a professions, Profiteer is considered unimportant and it has a negative label in the society. Based on this reality, the study tries to uncover the determinant of profiteer profession existence and its profession strategy. The approach used was the sociological one through the theory of symbolical interactionism and instrumens of rationality. This phenomenon of profiteer was scrutinized descriptive-qualitatively. Purwokerto city was chosen as the location of study because there were many profiteer operating at the pawnshop service offices and at the bus stations were available in this area. Data were collected by depth inteview, direct observation, documentation, and focus group discussion, and it was analized by descriptivequalitative technique which was completed by frequency tables. The result shows that existence of profiteer profession is not separable from the conciousness of the doers about various roles that must be played. With the various functions and roles, the profiteer profession has some meaning for the doers; their family, consumers, pawnshop service institution, bus owners, and bus organizers. The profiteer also develop a strategy to sustain their profesions and to maximize income by observation, honestly, entrusting messages, respectfull, persuasive approach, and without raising the tariff. This strategy is the result of observation and interpretation proccesses on their job environment. The existence of profession strategy refers to Hinkle assumption on action theory and illustrates the profiteer as individual who are always guided by personal interest and rationality thinking. The study implicates that the profiteer must develop sympathyc attitudes and behaviours carrying their activities so that they can obtain the customers sympathy and remove the stereotype label as well. On the other side, the goverment necessarily thinks more seriously and consistently about regulation and policies related to the profiteer of pawnshop service and the bus station. Legalization of profession is worthy considered to widen the work field, to regulate of orderliness, and to develop the regional originated income potency.

Kata Kunci : Kehidupan Sosial,Calo,Aktivitas Kerja