Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Brucellosis dan Kerugian Ekonomi Pada Sapi Perah Di Kabupaten Bandung Barat

YULIYANTI, 1) Prof. Dr. drh. Bambang Sumiarto, SU., M.Sc.; 2)Dr. Ir. Tri Anggraeni Kusumastuti,SP., MP., IPM.

2020 | Tesis | MAGISTER SAINS VETERINER

Brucellosis merupakan penyakit hewan menular bersifat zoonosis. Kabupaten Bandung Barat merupakan sentra peternakan sapi perah di provinsi Jawa Barat dan daerah endemis brucellosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi, faktor risiko, dan kerugian ekonomi brucellosis di Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Kajian lintas seksional digunakan untuk penelitian ini dengan materi sampel serum darah dan data kuisioner. Besaran sampel dihitung dengan rumus Martin et al. (n = 4 PQ/L kuadrat) dengan prevalensi 7,5%, galat 5%, dan tingkat kepercayaan CI 95% diperoleh 555 ekor sampel ternak. Desain effect varian peternakan digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah peternakan dan ternak, sehingga diperoleh 108 peternakan dan 5 ekor ternak setiap peternakan. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan sampel tahapan ganda. Sampel kecamatan diambil secara proporsional dengan populasi ternak setiap kecamatan. Pemilihan desa dan peternakan dilakukan secara random sederhana, sedang sampel ternak diambil by-judgment. Uji diagnostik Rose Bengal Test (RBT) dan Complement Fixation Test (CFT) digunakan untuk pengujian brucellosis. Analisis data digunakan analisis univariat dengan frekuensi distribusi dan statistik deskriptif, bivariat dengan Chi-square (X kuadrat) dan Odds Ratio (OR), serta analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik dan linier. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi brucellosis pada tingkat ternak 5,10% dan tingkat peternakan 18,96%. Faktor risiko hasil analisis bivariate yang berasosiasi (p < 0,05) dengan brucellosis di tingkat ternak adalah riwayat abortus umur kebuntingan 7-8 bulan (OR=15,2), riwayat abortus (OR=9,9), retensi plasenta (OR=6,6), riwayat endometritis (OR=5,5), riwayat abortus umur kebuntingan 4-6 bulan (OR=3,8), dan riwayat still birth (OR=3,0). Hasil analisis multivariate faktor risiko yang meningkatkan kasus brucellosis pada tingkat ternak adalah riwayat abortus umur kebuntingan 7-8 (Betta=+3,41033), riwayat abortus kebuntingan umur kebuntingan 4-6 bulan (Betta=+2,54503), umur ternak >2 tahun (Betta=+1,86185). Faktor risiko yang menurunkan brucellosis tingkat ternak adalah calving interval 12 bulan (Betta= -1,0469). Hasil analisis bivariate faktor risiko yang berasosiasi (P < 0,05) dengan brucellosis di tingkat peternakan adalah pembelian sapi baru (OR=4,5), biosekuriti (OR=3,0), tindakan tidak memotong ternak positif brucellosis (OR=2,9), pembuangan sisa lahir di sekitar kandang (OR=2,8). Selanjutnya, hasil analisis multivariate faktor risiko yang meningkatkan kejadian brucellosis di tingkat peternakan adalah pembelian sapi baru (Betta=+1,665), pembuangan sisa lahir di sekitar kandang Betta = +1,625), riwayat endometritis (Betta= + 1,584), biosekuriti rendah ( Betta=+1,546). Faktor yang menurunkan kejadian brucellosis tingkat peternakan adalah tindakan pemotongan ternak positif brucellosis (Betta = - 1,481), adanya kandang lahir (Betta= - 1,525), dan kondisi lantai bersih kering (Betta= - 2,583). Hasil analisis kerugian ekonomi brucellosis menyebabkan penurunan pendapatan peternak per tahun untuk infeksi 13% (abortus 1x Rp. 11,163,616.4, abortus 2x Rp 22,327,232.8, dan abortus 3x Rp 33,490,849.2); infeksi brucellosis 40% (abortus 1x Rp. 22,327,232.8, abortus 2x Rp. 44,654,465.6, dan abortus 3x Rp. 66,981,698.4.); infeksi brucellosis 60% (abortus 1x maka Rp. 33,490,849.2, abortus 2x Rp 66,981,698.4, dan abortus 3x Rp. 100,472,547.6.). Hasil analisis ekonomi berdasarkan perhitungan nilai kelayakan usaha menggunakan metode BCR, NPV dan IRR dengan rata-rata kepemilikan induk laktasi 5 ekor di tingkat peternakan maka usaha menjadi tidak layak pada infeksi brucellosis 40% (2 ekor) dengan abortus 2x, 3x dan infeksi brucellosis 60% (3 ekor) abortus 1x, 2x, 3x. Kerugian ekonomi sapi perah akibat brucellosis di Kabupaten Bandung Barat secara langsung Rp. 14.018.055.283,00 dan tidak langsung Rp. 7,186,022,500,00. Total kerugian ekonomi mencapai Rp. 21.204.077.783,00. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa prevalensi brucellosis pada tingkat ternak dan peternakan sapi perah di Kabupaten Bandung Barat cukup tinggi (>2%). Faktor risiko yang meningkatkan kasus brucellosis pada sapi perah, secara berurutan, adalah riwayat abortus umur kebuntingan 4-8 bulan, umur sapi > 2 tahun. Faktor risiko yang dapat menurunkan kasus brucellosis pada sapi perah adalah calving interval 12 bulan. Selanjutnya, faktor risiko yang dapat meningkatkan kejadian brucellosis pada tingkat peternakan sapi perah adalah pemasukan sapi baru, pembuangan sisa lahir, riwayat endometritis dan rendahnya biosekuriti. Faktor risiko yang dapat menurunkan kejadian brucellosis pada tingkat peternakan sapi perah adalah tindakan pemotongan ternak positif brucellosis, mempunyai kandang lahir, dan kondisi lantai bersih dan kering. Brucellosis menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi di tingkat peternakan dan menyebabkan dampak kerugian ekonomi lebih luas di Kabupaten Bandung Barat.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious animal disease. West Bandung District endemic of brucellosis and dairy farming centers in the province of West Java. This study aims to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and economic losses of brucellosis in West Bandung District. Cross-sectional methode studies are used for research with blood serum sample material and questionaire data. The sample size was calculated using the formula Martin et al., (n = 4 PQ / L kuadrat) with a prevalence of 7.5%, an error of 5% and a confidence level of 95% CI obtained 555 individual of dairy cattle samples. The farm of variant effect design was used to count the number of individual of dairy cattle and farm, so that 108 farms and 5 individual of dairy cattle per farms were obtained. The sampling technique was done by multiple stage samples. The subdistrict of samples were taken proportionally base on individual of dairy cattle populations in each subdistrict. The village and farms selection were done by simple random sampling, while the samples individual of dairy cattle were taken by judgment. The Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT) diagnostic tests were used for brucellosis testing. Data analysis used univariate analysis with frequency distribution and descriptive statistics, bivariate with Chi-square (X kuadrat) and Odds Ratio (OR), and multivariate analysis with logistic regression and linear. The results of this study was indicated that the prevalence of brucellosis at individual level was 5.10% and the farms level was 18.96%, The results of bivariate analysis of risk factors associated (p < 0,05) with case brucellosis at the individual level was history of abortion, 7-8 months gestation (OR = 15.2), history of abortion (OR = 9.9), retention of the placenta (OR = 6,6), history of endometritis (OR = 5.5), history of pregnancy with 4-6 months gestation (OR = 3.8) and history of still birth (OR = 3.0). The results of multivariate analysis of risk factors that increase the case of brucellosis at the individual level of dairy cattle is history of abortion of gestational age 7-8 (Betta= + 3,41033, OR = 30.3), history of pregnancy abortion of pregnancy age 4-6 months (Betta= + 2.54503, OR = 12.7), age of dairy cattle > 2 years (Betta= + 1.86185, OR = 1.2). The risk factors that decrease the case of brucellosis at individual level of dairy cattle is calving interval 12 months (Betta= -1.04691; OR = 0.34). The results of bivariate analysis of risk factors associated (p < 0,05) with brucellosis occurrence at farms level were the purchase of new cattle (Sapiru) (OR = 4.5), biosecurity (OR = 3.0), non-slaughtering of cattle positive brucellosis (OR = 2.9), disposal of material post partus around the cage (OR = 2,8). Risk factors that increase the incidence of brucellosis at the farm level are the purchase of new cattle) (Betta= + 1.665), disposal of material post partus around the cage (Betta= +1,625), history of endometritis (Rimet) (Betta= + 1.584), low biosecurity (Betta= + 1.546, OR = 3.0). The risk factors that reduce incidence of brucellosis at the farm level are acts of slaughtering positive brucellosis (Iftibru) (Betta= - 1.481); the presence of a partus cage (Betta= - 1.525) and the condition of the dry clean floor (Kontai) (Betta= - 2.583). The results of the analysis of economic losses of brucellosis caused a decrease in farmers income per year of 13% infection (abortion 1x Rp. 11,163,616.4, abortion 2x; Rp22,327,232.8, abortion 3x Rp.33,490,849.2); brucellosis infection 40% (abortion 1x Rp. 22,327,232.8; abortion 2x Rp. 44,654,465.6; abortion 3x Rp. 66,981,698.4.); brucellosis infection 60% (abortion 1x then Rp. 33,490,849.2; abortion 2x Rp.66,981,698.4; abortion 3x amounting to Rp. 100,472,547.6.). The results of an economic analysis based on the calculation of business feasibility using the NPV, BCR and IRR methods with an average ownership of 5 lactation broodstock at the farm level means that the business becomes unfit for brucellosis infection of 40% (2 individual) with abortion 2x, 3x, brucellosis infection 60 % (3 individual) abortion 1x, 2x, 3x. The spatial impact of economic losses on dairy cows due to brucellosis in West Bandung District is directly Rp. 14.018.055.283,00; indirectly Rp. 7,186,022,500.00. The total economic loss reached Rp. 21.204.077.783,00. The results of the study can be concluded that the prevalence of brucellosis at the level of livestock and dairy farming in West Bandung District is quite high (> 2%). The risk factors that increasing of the case of brucellosis in dairy cows, sequentially, are a history of abortion of 4-8 months gestation, cattle age> 2 years. The risk factors that can reduced the case of brucellosis in dairy cows are calving intervals of 12 months. The Risk factors that can increasing the incidence of brucellosis at the level of dairy farming are the entry of new cattle, removal of the residual material post partus, history of endometritis and low biosecurity. The Risk factors that can reduced the incidence of brucellosis at the level of dairy farming are the act of slaughtering positive brucellosis livestock, having a stable, and clean and dry floor conditions can be used to reduce brucellosis at the level of dairy farming. Brucellosis causes economic losses at the farm level and causes wider economic losses in the district of West Bandung.

Kata Kunci : Brucellosis, prevalensi, faktor risiko dan kerugian ekonomi