KEMISKINAN, KERENTANAN PENGHIDUPAN, DAN ADAPTASI NELAYAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN IKLIM DI WILAYAH PESISIR JAWA TENGAH DAN BENGKULU

GITA MULYASARI, Prof. Dr. Ir. Irham, M.Sc; Dr. Ir. Lestari Rahayu Waluyati, MP; Ir. Any Suryantini, MM.Ph.D

2020 | Disertasi | DOKTOR ILMU PERTANIAN

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui kemiskinan nelayan, (2) mengetahui kerentanan penghidupan nelayan akibat perubahan iklim, (3) mengetahui pemahaman nelayan tentang perubahan iklim dan keterkaitannya dengan kemiskinan dan kerentanan penghidupan nelayan, (4) mengetahui penggunaan dan tingkat adaptasi perubahan iklim, dan (5) mengetahui pengaruh kemiskinan, kerentanan penghidupan, dan pemahaman nelayan terhadap tingkat adaptasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di wilayah pesisir Jawa Tengah dann pesisir Bengkulu. Responden diambil secara purposive sampling dengan jumlah 210 orang, dengan kriteria nelayan yang memiliki bobot kapal 0,5 - 15 GT dan melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan one day fishing Analisis menggunakan pengukuran kemiskinan yang terdiri dari Asian Development Bank, World Bank, Food and Agricultural Organization, Badan Pusat Statistik, dan Multidimensional Poverty Index. Selanjutnya analisis yang digunakan adalah Livelihood Vulnerability Index, Analisis Crosstab, Korelasi Product Moment Pearson, dan Analisis Jalur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kemiskinan nelayan di pesisir Bengkulu lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pesisir Jawa Tengah dengan berbagai alat pengukuran kemiskinan, yang direfleksikan dari jenis dinding tempat tinggal nelayan yang terbuat dari kayu berkualitas rendah atau dinding rumah yang tidak diplester, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan nelayan, dan sulitnya untuk mendapatkan akses air bersih, (2) Kerentanan penghidupan nelayan di pesisir Bengkulu relatif kebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pesisir Jawa Tengah. Terdapat beberapa indikator kerentanan penghidupan yang berbeda signifikan meliputi penurunan tangkapan, pendapatan nelayan, biaya operasional yang digunakan dari pendapatan, rumah tangga miskin, pendapatan di luar sektor perikanan, ukuran kapal, dan kapasitas tangkapan, (3) Pemahaman nelayan tentang perubahan iklim di pesisir Jawa Tengah relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan pesisir Bengkulu. Nelayan memiliki pemahaman yang terbatas tentang perubahan iklim (4) Terdapat hubungan antara pemahaman perubahan iklim terhadap kemiskinan dan kerentanan penghidupan nelayan baik di pesisir Jawa Tengah maupun di pesisir Bengkulu, (5) Nelayan di pesisir Jawa Tengah dan Bengkulu memiliki tingkat adaptasi yang rendah terhadap perubahan iklim. Penggunaan adaptasi yang paling banyak dilakukan nelayan adalah mengubah area penangkapan dan penyesuaian waktu melaut, (6) Kemiskinan nelayan berpengaruh terhadap tingkat adaptasi. Kehidupan nelayan yang miskin dan keterbatasan sumber daya, menyebabkan rendahnya tingkat adaptasi nelayan.

This study aims to: (1) knowing the poverty of fishermen, (2) determine the livelihood vulnerability of fishermen due to climate change, (3) find out fishermen's level of understanding toward climate change and its relation to poverty and livelihood vulnerability, (4) knowing the fishermen's application and level of adaptation, and (5) knowing the effect of poverty, livelihood vulnerability, and understanding of fishermen on the level of climate change adaptation. The study was conducted in the coastal areas of Central Java and Bengkulu. All the respondents are selected by purposive sampling with a total of 210 people, with the criteria of fishermen who have a ship weight of 0.5 - 15 GT and applying one day fishing. The analysis uses poverty criteria from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the Central Bureau of Statistics Indonesia (BPS), and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Furthermore, the analysis used in this study includes the Livelihood Vulnerability Index, Crosstab Analysis, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and Path Analysis. The results showed that: (1) the poverty of fishermen on the coastal area of Bengkulu is higher than Central Java, which is reflected in the type of fishermen's residential walls that made of low-quality wood or walls that are not plastered, the low level of fishermen's education, and the difficulty to get access to clean water, (2) the livelihood vulnerability of fishermen on the coast of Bengkulu is relatively higher compared to Central Java. There are several indicators of livelihood vulnerability that differ significantly, including a reduction in the catch, fishing income, operational costs used from income, poor households, income from outside of the fisheries sector, ship weight, and catch capacity, (3) fishermen's understanding of climate change on the coast of Central Java is relatively lower compared to its counterpart. Fishermen have a limited understanding of climate change, (4) there is a relationship between understanding of climate change on the poverty and the livelihood vulnerability of fishermen on both coastal regions, (5) fishermen on both of the coastal region has a low level of climate change adaptation. The most common use of adaptation by fishermen is to change the catching area and fishing time adjustment, (7) fishermens' poverty affects the level of adaptation. Poverty and limited resources are two reasons that made fishermen have a low level of climate change adaptation.

Kata Kunci : perubahan iklim, kemiskinan, kerentanan penghidupan, adaptasi nelayan