RESPON PENYINTAS TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KAWASAN HUNIAN SEMENTARA DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK UTARA

TUTI, Prof. Ir. Bakti Setiawan, M.A., Ph.D.

2019 | Tesis | MAGISTER PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA

Peristiwa gempa bumi di NTB yang terjadi pada akhir bulan Juli dan awal Agustus 2018 merupakan salah satu kejadian gempa yang tergolong cukup langka karena gempa skala besar terjadi sebanyak tiga kali berturut-turut dalam rentang waktu yang berdekatan. Dua diantara gempa tersebut berpusat di Kabupaten Lombok Utara (KLU) sehingga jumlah korban jiwa, kerusakan bangunan, dan jumlah pengungsi lebih banyak dibandingkan wilayah terdampak lainnya. Pasca tinggal di tenda-tenda darurat, pengungsi membutuhkan tempat tinggal yang lebih layak selama proses pembangunan hunian tetap. Penyediaan hunian sementara (huntara) menjadi salah satu solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Huntara yang terbangun di KLU mencapai 85,79 persen dari total huntara di NTB yang dibangun oleh lembaga donor, pemerintah maupun swadaya masyarakat dalam bentuk kawasan huntara maupun huntara mandiri. Kawasan huntara yang ada di KLU diinisiasi oleh lembaga donor yang berbeda-beda dengan lokasi dan waktu pembangunan yang berbeda pula. Hal ini tentunya berdampak pada keragaman karakteristik kawasan huntara terbangun. Perbedaan karakteristik tersebut kemungkinan akan memunculkan respon yang beragam dari para penyintas di masing-masing kawasan huntara. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan respon penyintas terhadap karakteristik kawasan huntara pascabencana gempa NTB tahun 2018 dan merumuskan kriteria huntara yang disukai penyintas pascabencana gempa NTB tahun 2018. Pendekatan penelitian adalah induktif kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Lokasi penelitian di KLU dengan mengambil kasus di empat lokasi yaitu: Kawasan Huntara Rumah Zakat, Integrated Community Shelter (ICS), Kawasan Huntara BUMN, dan Shelter Warna Warni. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, respon penyintas dapat dikategorikan kedalam dua jenis respon yaitu respon positif dan respon negatif. Respon negatif dibagi menjadi dua yaitu respon negatif aktif dengan diikuti tindakan dan respon negatif pasif dengan tanpa tindakan. Respon positif diberikan karena huntara dinilai mampu berperan dalam pemulihan pascagempa dan adanya kesesuaian karakteristik huntara dengan karakteristik masyarakat lokal. Sementara itu, penyintas memberikan respon beragam yaitu positif maupun negatif karena faktor kualitas unit maupun lingkungan huntara, desain, kesesuaian karakteristik huntara dengan kebutuhan penyintas, dan fleksibilitas (kemudahan modifikasi). Selanjutnya, kriteria huntara yang disukai penyintas meliputi kecepatan penyediaan huntara; kemampuan proteksi terhadap faktor eksternal (angin, hujan, panas); adanya fleksibilitas (kemudahan modifikasi), terpenuhinya syarat kualitas huntara yang baik dari segi kualitas unit, lingkungan, maupun lokasi; adanya kesesuaian karakteristik kawasan huntara dengan karakteristik lokal masyarakat yaitu adanya masjid sementara, penggunaan material dan tenaga kerja lokal; dan adanya kesesuaian jenis huntara dengan kebutuhan penyintas.

The earthquake in West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) which occurred at the end of July and early August 2018 is one of the rare earthquakes because there were three large scale earthquakes happened respectively and contiguously. Two of the earthquakes were centered in North Lombok Regency (NLR) so that the number of fatalities, building damages, and refugees was greater than other affected areas. After living in emergency tents, refugees needed more suitable housing during the process of building permanent housing. Provision of temporary shelter is one of the solutions for the problem. Temporary shelter built in NRL was up to 85.79 percent of the total temporary shelters in WNT which were built by donors, governmental, and non-governmental organizations in the form of independent temporary shelter and temporary shelter area. The temporary shelter area in NLR was initiated by different donor agencies with different locations and times of development. It certainly has an effect on the characteristic diversity of the temporary shelter area. The difference in characteristics likely led to diverse responses from the survivors in each temporary shelter area. Therefore, this study aims to compare the responses of survivors to the characteristics of temporary shelter area post-earthquake in WNT in 2018 and formulate the criteria for the preferred temporary shelter by the survivors of post-earthquake in WNT in 2018. The research approach used inductive qualitative with case study method. The research area was in NRL by taking cases in four locations: Rumah Zakat Temporary Shelter, Integrated Community Shelter (ICS), BUMN Temporary Shelter, and Shelter Warna Warni. Based on the analysis results, survivors' responses could be categorized into two types of responses, positive responses and negative responses. Negative responses were divided into two, active negative responses followed by actions and passive negative responses with no action. Positive responses were given because the temporary shelter was considered capable of playing a role in post-earthquake recovery and the suitability of the temporary shelter characteristics with the characteristics of local community. Meanwhile, survivors gave various responses, which were positive or negative, due to the unit quality factors and environment of temporary shelter, design, suitability of the temporary shelter characteristics to the needs of survivors, and flexibility (ease of modification). Furthermore, the criteria for temporary shelter preferred by survivors included rapidity of temporary shelter provision; ability to protect against external factors (wind, rain, heat); existence of flexibility (ease of modification), fulfilment of good requirements of temporary shelter in terms of unit quality, environment, and location; compatibility of the temporary shelter characteristics with the characteristics of local community by the existence of a temporary mosque, the use of materials and local labours; and the suitability of the types of temporary shelter with the needs of survivors.

Kata Kunci : respon, penyintas, karakteristik, kawasan hunian sementara, Kabupaten Lombok Utara/response, survivor, characteristics, temporary shelter, North Lombok Regency