Estimasi Premature Mortality Cost Penyakit Kanker Akibat Secondhand Smoke di Indonesia

KARINA ANINDITA S, Dr. Susi Ari Kristina, M.Kes., Apt.

2019 | Tesis | MAGISTER ILMU FARMASI

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan prevalensi perokok terbesar di dunia. Tingginya angka perokok di Indonesia mengakibatkan risiko peningkatan jumlah orang terpapar atau menghirup asap rokok sebagai secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke merupakan salah satu faktor risiko penyakit kanker. Penelitian mengenai estimasi beban penyakit kanker ini bertujuan untuk melihat seberapa besar angka kematian dan premature mortality cost penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke di Indonesia. Estimasi beban penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke merupakan penelitian epidemiologi deskriptif dan estimasi berdasarkan prevalence-based dengan indikator yang digunakan yaitu angka kematian penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke dan premature mortality cost. Angka kematian penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke (SAM) diperoleh dengan mengalikan nilai Secondhand smoke Attributable Fraction (SAF) dengan angka kematian tiap penyakit kanker, dimana nilai SAF diperoleh dari rumus perhitungan menggunakan data prevalensi secondhand smoke dan relative risk tiap penyakit. Premature mortality cost diperoleh dengan mengalikan angka kematian penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke, angka harapan hidup, dan rata-rata pendapatan masyarakat Indonesia. Angka kematian penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke di Indonesia pada laki-laki sebesar 31,7% dari total kematian penyakit kanker dengan kematian terbesar adalah kematian karena kanker paru (811 kematian), diikuti dengan kanker kolon (445 kematian) dan kanker pankreas (197 kematian). Pada perempuan, angka kematian penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke di Indonesia sebesar 14,1% dari total kematian penyakit kanker dengan kematian terbesar karena kanker kolon (326 kematian), diikuti dengan kanker pankreas (174 kematian) dan kanker paru (139 kematian). Total Premature Mortality Cost (PMC) penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke di Indonesia pada laki-laki sebesar Rp1.270.345.273.361. Pada perempuan, total PMC sebesar Rp562.263.347.487. Estimasi beban penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke dilakukan untuk membantu pemerintah dalam menentukan program kesehatan dan untuk mengurangi beban penyakit kanker akibat secondhand smoke di Indonesia.

Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest prevalence of smokers in the world. The high number of smokers in Indonesia puts the risk of increasing the number of people exposed to secondhand smoke. The study of estimation the burden of cancer aims to see the mortality rate and premature mortality cost of cancer due to secondhand smoke in Indonesia. This study design was an descriptive epidemiology and estimation prevalence based with indicator mortality rate and premature mortality cost of cancer due to secondhand smoke. The death rate of cancer due to secondhand smoke (SAM) was obtained by multiplying the value of secondhand smoke Attributable Fraction (SAF) with the mortality rate of each cancer, where SAF value was obtained from the calculation formula using the prevalence data of secondhand smoke and relative risk for each cancer. Premature mortality cost was obtained by multiplying death rates from cancer due to secondhand smoke, life expentancy, and the average income of Indonesian people. The death rate of cancer due to secondhand smoke in Indonesia in men was 14.1% of the total cancer deaths with the highest total mortality rate for secondhand smoke related cancer in male were lung cancer (811 deaths), followed by colon cancer (445 deaths) and pancreatic cancer (174 deaths). In female, the death rate of cancer due to secondhand smoke in Indonesia was 14.1% of the total cancer deaths with the highest total mortality rate for secondhand smoke related to cancer were colon cancer (326 deaths), followed by pancreatic cancer (174 deaths) and lung cancer (139 deaths). The total value of premature mortality cost of cancer due to secondhand smoke in Indonesia in male was IDR1,270,344,273,361. In female total value of PMC was IDR562,263,347,487. Estimation the burden of cancer related to secondhand smoke helps the government in determining health programs and to reduce the burden of cancer related to secondhand smoke in Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Rokok, secondhand smoke, angka kematian, Premature Mortality Cost, Indonesia, smoke, secondhand smoke, premature mortality cost, Indonesia