JAUH LAYAR DARI ANGIN, Kebijakan Perikanan di Marore, Sulawesi Utara

DIAZ AGUNG P, Dr. Pande Made Kutanegara, M.A.

2019 | Tesis | MAGISTER ANTROPOLOGI

Penelitan tentang kehidupan nelayan dan kebijakan perikanan di Indonesia telah banyak dilakukan. Namun, penelitian yang membahas tentang nelayan dan implikasi kebijakan perikanan terhadap kehidupan sosial-ekonomi bagi masyarakat pulau kecil di kawasan perbatasan masih jarang dilakukan. Penelitian ini berusaha mengisi kekosongan tersebut dengan membahas penerapan program pembangunan Sentra Kelautan dan Perikanan Terpadu (SKPT) dan implikasinya terhadap kehidupan sosial-ekonomi masyarakat di Pulau Marore. Pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: Sejauh mana program pembangunan SKPT mampu memberikan kesejahteraan bagi masyarakat (pulau kecil di kawasan perbatasan) Pulau Marore? Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pulau Marore yang terletak di Kecamatan Kepulauan Marore, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Sulawesi Utara menggunakan metode etnografi untuk melihat implikasi kebijakan pemerintah tentang perikanan terhadap kehidupan sosial-ekonomi masyarakat pulau kecil di kawasan perbatasan. Untuk memperoleh informasi dan data penelitian, saya melakukan observasi partisipatif dan wawancara secara mendalam. Dalam penelitian ini, saya ingin melihat implikasi program SKPT yang meliputi pembangunan sarana dan prasarana pendukung industri perikanan, peningkatan kapasaitas sumberdaya manusia melalui berbagai kegiatan yang dapat mendukung usaha perikanan, memberantas IUU fishing, transhipment, dan persoalan jual-beli hasil sumberdaya laut yang bersifat ilegal di kawasan perbatasan negara sebagai upaya mengurangi kerugian negara akibat kehilangan sumberdaya tersebut. Salah satu regulasi yang paling berdampak bagi aktifitas ekonomi di Marore ialah pelarangan pembeli atau pengepul ikan yang berasal dari Filipina untuk mengambil dan membeli ikan hasil tangkapan ikan nelayan langsung di Pulau Marore Kebijakan ini kemudian memunculkan reaksi dari aktor-aktor yang ada dalam aktifitas ekonomi di Pulau Marore. Juragan dan Pengepul ikan merupakan aktor yang cukup diuntungkan atas digulirkannya kebijakan ini. Karena memiliki modal baik secara sosial maupun finansial yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatur atau memonopoli aktifitas ekonomi di Pulau Marore. Sedangkan nelayan merupakan aktoryang paling tidak diuntungkan. Sarana prasarana pendukung kebutuhan nelayan yang dijanjikan tidak kunjung terealisasi, harga jual ikan ke juragan atau pengepul ikan lokal lebih murah, bahkan relasi yang sosial-kultural yang dijalin dengan kerabat yang berada di Filipina juga bisa luntur karena interaksi yang tidak se-intens sebelumnya.

Various research on the life of fishermen and fisheries policy in Indonesia had been widely carried out. However, the research that discusses the life of fishermen and the implications of fisheries policy to the socio-economic life of the people who lives on small island especially that lies on the border of the country is still rarely done. Thus, this research seeks to fill this gap by discussing the application the government development program, namely Sentra Kelautan dan Perikanan Terpadu (SKPT) and its implications for the socio-economic life of people on Marore Island. The research questions were as follows: To what extent is the SKPT development program were able to provide welfare for the community on a small island on the border area called Marore Island? This research was conducted on Marore Island, located in Marore Islands Distric, Sangihe Islands District, North Sulawesi, using ethnographic methods to see the implications of government fisheries policy on the socio-economic life of the small island communities in the border region. To obtain information and research data, I conducted participatory observation and in-depth interviews. In this research, I would like to see the implications of SKPT program which includes developing the infrastructure and facilities to support the fishery industry, improving of human resources through various activities that can support fishery businesses, eradicating IUU fishing, transhipment, and the issue of buying and selling illegal marine resources. As a region in the country's border and as an effort to reduce fatalities due to loss of these resources, one of the regulations that has the most impact on the economic activity in Marore is the prohibition of fish buyers or collectors from the Philippines to take and buy fish that was caught by fishermen directly on Marore Island. This policy then provokes a reaction from the people on the Marore island. Well-funded Fishermen and fish collectors are the one who are quite benefited from the implementation of this policy. It is because they had the resources both socially and financially that they can monopolize the economic activities on Marore Island. Meanwhile, the regular fishermen are the most disadvantaged actors. The infrastructure facilities that was promised to support fishermen's needs have not been realized, the selling price of fish to local fishermen or fish collectors is cheaper, even the socio-cultural relations that are established with relatives in the Philippines can also faded due to less intense interactions.

Kata Kunci : Kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Kesejahteraan, Nelayan, Pulau-Pulau Kecil, Perbatasan ;Policy, Welfare, Fishermen, Small Islands, and Border Region