Identifikasi dan Pengembangan Desa Tertinggal di Kabupaten Bojonegoro

ULUL ALBAB, Dr. Lutfi Muta'ali, M.T.; Dr. Andri Kurniawan, M.Si.

2019 | Tesis | MAGISTER GEOGRAFI

Keberagaman kondisi antar satu daerah dengan daerah lain mengakibatkan adanya perbedaan kesempatan ekonomi daerah sehingga pertumbuhan setiap daerah tidak bisa disamakan. Perbedaan pertumbuhan tersebut akan menimbulkan ketimpangan perkembangan yang berdampak pada munculnya wilayah tertinggal. Kabupaten Bojonegoro adalah salah satu kabupaten di Jawa Timur yang memiliki predikat daerah miskin sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda hingga pada tahun 2016 Kabupaten Bojonegoro dapat keluar dari 10 daerah termiskin di Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalsis tingkat perkembangan desa di Kabupaten Bojonegoro, menganalisis pola persebaran spasial desa tertinggal di Kabupaten Bojonegoro, menganalisis potensi serta masalah desa tertinggal dan merumuskan strategi untuk pengembangan desa tertinggal di Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang berbasis data primer dan sekunder. Penelitian ini menggunakan populasi seluruh desa di Kabupaten Bojonegoro yang berjumlah 430 desa untuk menganalisis tingkat perkembangan wilayahnya dengan analisis faktor. Selanjutnya analisis pola spasial menggunakan analisis tipologi desa, sedangkan untuk menganalisis potensi dan permasalahan desa tertinggal menggunakan sampel desa tertinggal dengan teknik disproportionate stratified random sampling lalu dilakukan indepth interview kepada key person yaitu Kepala Desa. Internal factor evaluation (IFE) dan external factor evaluation (EFE) berdasar hasil indepth interview digunakan untuk memberikan strategi pengembangan desa tertinggal di Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Dari hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa (1) tingkat perkembangan wilayah desa-desa di Kabupaten Bojonegoro di dominasi oleh desa dengan kategori berkembang dengan presentase 63,72% dan hanya 16,05% desa dengan kategori tertinggal. Desa dengan kategori tertinggal umumnya berada pada daerah perbukitan dan di sekitar Bengawan Solo. Tingkat perkembangan wilayah desa di Kabupaten Bojonegoro dibentuk oleh faktor jarak fasilitas umum, faktor sumber daya alam, faktor kesehatan dan kemiskinan, faktor mitigasi bencana, faktor industri, pemasaran, pengguna listrik dan faktor proporsi sekolah, proporsi tenaga kesehatan. (2) Desa tertinggal di Bojonegoro dibagi kedalam 8 tipologi. Desa tertinggal paling banyak berada pada tipologi desa dataran di perdesaan karena tipologi ini merupakan tipologi dengan area terluas dan berada di sekitar Bengawan Solo sedangkan untuk tipologi desa dataran di kota tidak terdapat desa tertinggal sama sekali. Desa-desa tertinggal pada tipologi desa dataran di perdesaan, desa dataran di pinggiran kota, desa dataran yang terisolasi, desa perbukitan di koridor antar kota, dan desa perbukitan di perdesaan di sebabkan oleh faktor proporsi sekolah dan tenaga kesehatan, desa-desa tertinggal pada tipologi dataran di koridor antar kota disebabkan oleh faktor industri dan pemasaran, sedangkan desa-desa tertinggal pada tipologi desa perbukitan yang terisolasi disebabkan oleh faktor mitigasi bencana. (3) Potensi yang dimiliki desa tertinggal pada umunya adalah potensi pertanian dan perkebunan seperti padi, jagung dan bawang serta potensi wisata. Permasalahan yang dimiliki desa tertinggal di hampir semua tipologi adalah kekeringan dan rendahnya kualitas sumber daya manusia, sedangkan pada tipologi desa perdesaan dan terisolasi adalah akses jalan yang jelek. (4) Strategi pengembangan desa tertinggal pada tipologi perbukitan perdesaan, dataran perdesaan, perbukitan terisolasi, dan dataran terisolasi adalah grow and build. Sedangkan untuk tipologi perbukitan di koridor antar kota, dataran di koridor antar kota dan dataran pinggiran kota adalah hold and maintain.

Different conditions between one region and another resulted in different regional economic opportunity. It indicated that growth of each region could not be equated. The different growth would lead to the developmental imbalance causing underdeveloped regions. Bojonegoro was one of the districts in East Java classified as a poor district since the Dutch colonial era. Interestingly in 2016 it was not classified as the ten poorest districts in East Java anymore. The research aimed to analyze the level of village development in Bojonegoro. Besides, we also examined the spatial distribution of underdeveloped villages in Bojonegoro, potentials, and problems in underdeveloped villages. Lastly, we formulated strategies to develop underdeveloped villages in Bojonegoro. This research used descriptive survey method with quantitative and qualitative approaches. It was based on primary and secondary data. 430 villages in Bojonegoro were taken as research population to analyze the level of their regional development with factor analysis. Next, analysis on spatial pattern was performed using village typology analysis. In addition, the potentials and Problems in underdeveloped villages were analyzed using sample of underdeveloped villages with disproportionate stratified random sampling technique. Then in-depth interview was performed with the key persons, the village chief. Internal factor evaluation (IFE) and external factor evaluation (EFE) based on the result of in-depth interview were used to make development strategy for underdeveloped villages in Bojonegoro. According to research findings, (1) the level of village development in Bojonegoro was dominated by developed villages with a percentage of 63.72%; while the rest 16.05% were underdeveloped villages. The underdeveloped villages were generally located in the hills and around Bengawan Solo. The level of village development in Bojonegoro was determined by several factors i.e. the distance of public facility, natural resources, health and poverty, disaster mitigation, industry, marketing, electricity usage, school proportion, and health worker proportion; (2) underdeveloped villages in Bojonegoro were grouped into eight typologies. The villages were mostly found on the plain village typology in rural areas. The typology had the widest area and was located around Bengawan Solo. It did not have any underdeveloped villages. Underdeveloped villages in the plain village typology in rural areas, suburban areas, isolated areas, hilly village typology in the inter-city corridor and rural areas. Underdeveloped villages in the plain village typology, suburban villages, isolated villages, hilly villages in the intercity corridor, and hilly villages were caused by school and health worker proportion. Underdeveloped villages in the plain typology in the inter-city corridor was caused by factor of industry and marketing, while the underdeveloped villages in the hilly village typology in the isolated area was caused by factor of disaster mitigation; (3) potentials had by underdeveloped villages generally were agricultural and plantation potentials i.e. rice, corn, and onion. Additionally, tourism potentials were also promising there. Problems faced by the villages and mostly found on all typologies were drought and poor quality of human resources, while problem faced by typology on rural and isolated areas was poor road acces; and (4) grow-and-build strategy was implemented in hilly village, plain village, isolated hilly, and isolated plain typologies; while hold-and-maintain strategy was implemented in hilly village, plain village, plain in intercity corridor, and suburban area typologies.

Kata Kunci : Pengembangan Wilayah, Desa Tertinggal, Tipologi Desa