GAMBARAN RISIKO ADHD PADA ANAK TAMAN KANAK-KANAK DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA MENURUT PENGUKURAN OLEH GURU

WINNING CANNY, Intansari Nurjannah, S.Kp., MNSc., Ph.D. ; Sri Mulyani, S.Kep., Ns., MNg.

2019 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU KEPERAWATAN

Latar belakang : Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) merupakan gangguan neurodevelopmental paling umum pada masa anak-anak yang ditandai dengan sulit memusatkan perhatian, impulsif, dan hiperaktif dan mengakibatkan efek-efek negatif bagi tumbuh kembang anak. ADHD biasanya terdiagnosa pada usia sekolah. Prevensi dini dan deteksi risiko ADHD di usia prasekolah sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran anak TK yang berisiko ADHD di TK Kota Yogyakarta. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif exploratif dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mewawancarai guru menggunakan kuesioner ACTRS. Subjek penelitian adalah anak TK yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sejumlah 186 anak. Analisis penelitian menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil : Terdapat sebanyak 21 anak (11,3%) berisiko ADHD. Gambaran klinis yang banyak terlihat adalah tidak keal lelah dan aktivitasnya berlebihan serta mudah menjadi gembira/impulsif. Sebanyak 76,2% anak yang berisiko ADHD adalah laki-laki dan berusia 5,1-7 tahun. Sebanyak 33,3% anak dikandung ketika ibu berusia 20-35 tahun, 95,2% rutin kontrol kehamilan, 9,5% ibu merokok selama kehamilan dan 66,7% tinggal bersama perokok. Sebanyak 61,9% bayi dilahirkan normal, 71,4% cukup umur dan 85,7% memiliki berat cukup. Semua anak tidak memiliki riwayat trauma otak dan epilepsi, 14,3% pernah kejang demam serta 23,8% memiliki riwayat keluarga hiperaktif. Kesimpulan : Anak yang berisiko ADHD lebih sedikit daripada anak yang tidak berisiko ADHD, dengan gambaran klinis yang terlihat serta karakteristik yang sebagian besar tidak jauh berbeda dengan anak yang tidak berisiko.

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood characterized by difficulty focusing, impulsivity and causes negative effects for child development. ADHD is usually diagnosed at school age. Early prevention and detection of ADHD risk at preschool age is very important to do. Objective: Determine the description of preschoolarstudents who had an ADHD risk in Yogyakarta city. Method: This was a cross-sectional designed descriptive exploratory study. Data were collected by interviewing teachers using the ACTRS questionnaire. The subjects were 186 childrens of kindergarten who met the inclusion criteria. The study analysis used univariate analysis. Results: There were 21 children (11.3%) had an ADHD risk. Clinical features that often seen were indefatigable, hyperactive, and easy to be happy / impulsive. As many as 76.2% of children at risk for ADHD are male and aged 5.1-7 years, 33.3% of children were conceived when mothers aged 20-35 years, 95.2% had routine pregancy control, 9.5% of mothers smoked during pregnancy and 66.7% lived with smokers. There were 61.9% of babies that born normal, 71,4% were of sufficient age and 85.7% had sufficient weight. All children did not have history of brain trauma and epilepsy, 14.3% children have had febrile seizures and 23.8% had a hyperactive family history. Conclusion: Children who risk of ADHD were less than children who were not at risk of ADHD, with a visible clinical symptoms and characteristics that were mostly not much different from children who were not at risk.

Kata Kunci : ADHD, anak taman kanak-kanak, guru / ADHD, preschoolers, teachers