SEGREGASI SOSIAL PADA MASYARAKAT MULTIETNIS DI KECAMATAN PONTIANAK UTARA, KOTA PONTIANAK, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT

NANDA OKTARINA A, Prof. Dr. Muhadjir Darwin, M.P.A; Prof. Dr. M. Baiquni, M.A

2019 | Tesis | MAGISTER KEPENDUDUKAN

Masyarakat di Kecamatan Pontianak Utara memiliki ciri sebagai masyarakat multietnis. Masing-masing golongan etnis tersebut membentuk kelompok-kelompok tersendiri berdasarkan kesamaan sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya. Kondisi tersebut disebabkan oleh tidak adanya etnis dominan yang menjadi pedoman tingkah laku dan kerangka acuan interaksi sosial. Akibat adanya fenomena pengkotak-kotakan menyebabkan munculnya jarak sosial antaretnis. Etnis dominan tersebut meliputi etnis Melayu, Dayak, Cina, dan Madura. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) tingkat segregasi sosial antaretnis di Kecamatan Pontianak Utara, (2) hubungan tingkat segregasi sosial terhadap jarak sosial antaretnis, dan (3) hubungan faktor sosio-demografis terhadap tingkat segregasi sosial antaretnis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian survei dengan ciri mengambil sampel dari satu populasi. Penelitian survei ini digunakan untuk penjelasan (explanatory atau confirmatory), yaitu menjelaskan hubungan kausal antar variabel. Analisis penelitian menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan uji statistik non-parametrik meliputi uji hubungan Spearman-Rho dan uji beda Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, pertama, etnis Melayu memiliki tingkat segregasi tinggi dibandingkan oleh etnis Dayak, Cina, dan Madura yang masuk kategori sedang. Tingginya tingkat segregasi etnis Melayu disebabkan terutama oleh tingginya segregasi intergroup dan institusional. Kedua, tingginya tingkat segregasi etnis Melayu berhubungan signifikan terhadap tingginya jarak sosial afektif terhadap etnis Dayak, Cina, dan etnis Madura dengan nilai signifikan masing-masing sebesar 0,001 terhadap etnis Dayak, 0,019 terhadap etnis Cina, dan 0,001 terhadap etnis Madura. Tingginya tingkat segregasi sosial etnis Melayu juga berhubungan signifikan dengan jarak sosial normatif terhadap etnis Dayak, Cina, maupun Madura dengan nilai signifikan masing-masing 0,014 terhadap etnis Dayak, 0,005 terhadap etnis Cina, dan 0,001 terhadap etnis Madura. Ketiga, perbedaan karakteristik sosio-demografis (umur, jenis kelamin, agama, tingkat pendidikan, dan jenis pekerjaan) berdampak terhadap perbedaan tingkat segregasi sosial dan jarak sosial antaretnis. Kondisi tersebut disebabkan karena faktor sosio-demografis merupakan bagian dari identitas budaya yang merupakan karakteristik khusus suatu kelompok.

The people of the District of North Pontianak possess a typical multiethnic society. Each of its ethnic group form independent groups based on social, economic, and cultural similarities. This condition is caused by the absence of dominant ethnic groups which usually become a guideline of behaviors and a referencial framework of social interactions. The existence of this partition has caused a distance amongst the ethnic groups. The dominant ethnic groups include the Melayu, Dayak, Chinese, and the Madura. This research aims to discover: (1) the level of interethnic social segregations in the District of North Pontianak, (2) the relationship amongst the level of interethnic social segregations and the interethnic social distances, and (3) the relationship amongst socio-demographic factors and the level of interethnic social segregations. The method used in this study is the research survey with the characteristic of taking samples of a population. The research survey method is used as an explanation, that is an elaboration of the causal relationships amongst variables. The analyses used in this research are the descriptive and non-parametric statistical tests including the Spearman-Rho tests and the Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results of this research show, firstly, the Melayu ethnic group possess a higher level of social segregations compared to the Dayak, Chinese, and the Madura, those which are included in the medium category. The higher level of social segregations in the Melayu ethnic group is caused mainly by the high level of intergroup and institutional segregations. Secondly, the higher level of social segregations in the Melayu ethnic group is significantly related to the high level of affective social distances toward the Dayak, Chinese, and the Madura with significant values each on 0,001 toward the Dayak, 0,019 toward the Chinese, and 0,001 toward the Madura. The higher level of social segregations in the Melayu ethnic group is also significantly related to the normative distance toward the Dayak, Chinese, as well as the Madura with significant values each on 0,014 toward the Dayak, 0,005 toward the Chinese, and 0,001 toward the Madura. Thirdly, differences in socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, religion, level of education, and type of work) have an impact on differences in levels of social segregation and inter-ethnic social distance. This condition is caused by socio-demographic factors that are part of cultural identity which is a special characteristic of a group.

Kata Kunci : Kata Kunci: Segregasi Sosial, Jarak Sosial, Faktor Sosio-Demografis