HAMBATAN DALAM DE-ESKALASI KONFLIK DI SURIAH Studi Kasus: Konferensi Jenewa

SHADRI SAPUTRA, Dr. Siti Muti'ah Setyawati, M.A.

2018 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

Penelitian ini menjelaskan hambatan dalam upaya de-eskalasi konflik di Suriah antara pemerintah Suriah dan oposisi, yang kemudian melibatkan aktor-aktor eksternal dari negara dan non-negara, sejak Maret 2011. Penelitian ini didasari atas tidak selesainya konflik di Suriah setelah dilakukan serangkaian upaya penyelesaian melalui Konferensi Jenewa, sebagaiman konflik terus mengalami eskalasi. Mengacu pada konsep de-eskalasi konflik dari Louis Kriesberg, penelitian ini mengkaji hambatan de-eskalasi konflik di Suriah dari faktor eksternal, faktor interaksi antar pihak-pihak berkonflik, dan faktor internal. Berdasarkan penelitian, terhambatnya de-eskalasi konflik di Suriah sedikitnya disebabkan oleh tigal hal: pertama, adanya konflik kepentingan antar aktor-aktor eksternal melibatkan negara-negara Dewan Keamanan PBB, Arab Saudi, Iran, dan Turki. Keadaan menjadi semakain rumit dengan adanya perbedaan sikap terkait Suku Kurdi dan konflik terkait Dataran Tinggi Golan. Kedua, interaksi bersifat konfliktual, di mana pihak-pihak terlibat mencari penyelesaian konflik dengan formula menang-kalah. Ketiga, faktor psikologis, di mana pihak-pihak terlibat merasa terancam oleh lawan sehingga tidak bersikap akomodatif satu sama lain.

This research explains the obstacles in the process of conflict de-escalation between Syrian government and opposition, which then involved state and non-state external actors, since March 2011. This research is based on the endless conflict in Syria after a series of settlement efforts through Geneva Conference, as the conflict has continued to escalate. Referring to the concept of conflict de-escalation by Louis Kriesberg, this research examines the obstacles of conflict de-escalation in Syria by external factors, interactions between the conflicting parties, and internal factors. According to the research, the obstacles in the conflict de-escalation in Syria are at least caused by three factors: first, the existence of conflict of interest between external actors, involving the member of the United Nations Security Council, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey. The situation has become more complicated due to the differences in the countries' responses toward the Kurds and conflicts regarding the Golan Heights. Second, the interactions were conflictual, in which the involved parties have resolved the conflict with a win-lose formula. Third, psychological factors, in which the involved parties felt threatened by opponents, so that they have become non-accommodative to each other.

Kata Kunci : Suriah, de-eskalasi konflik, hambatan, Konferensi Jenewa/Syria, conflict de-escalation, obstacles, Geneva Conference